何首乌块根中异常结构的形成过程

何首乌的块根是一种常用的中药,块根内具有异常的次生结构。在块根的横切面上,自外至内依次为周皮、薄壁组织、排列成一圈大小不等的异常周韧维管束和中央维管柱。在块根形成以前,根的初生和次生结构都是正常的。以后,通常由围绕在初生韧皮纤维束周围的中柱鞘和次生韧皮薄壁组织细胞形成异常形成层,产生异常维管束。此外,还发现少数由中央维管柱分支而成。在块根膨大过程中,束内外以及维管柱次生木质部的薄壁组织细胞也分裂并增大。从而使块根中薄壁组织占80%左右。上述变化过程在不定根的中部开始,向上、下两     

天祝高寒珠芽蓼草甸初级生产力的研究Ⅰ.生物量动态及光能转化率

甘肃天祝高寒珠芽蓼草甸5月20日左右返青。地上生物量的变化呈单峰曲线,最大值在8月22日,干物质为548.39g/m~2(489.06g/m~2去灰分物质;下同);净第一性生产力为481.05g/m~2.a干物质。地下生物量很大,6—9月平均接近6kg/m~2,呈单谷曲线变化,最低值出现在7月20日,为4556.87g/m~2干物质。地上部分最大生长率出现在月平均气温只有8—10℃的返青后一个月,平均绝对生长率为5.89g/m~2.d干物质,平均相对生长率为0.152g/g.d干物质。春季地上部分的最大生长率与活根的很大消耗联系在一起。地上部分对太阳总辐射的转化率为0.155%,对生理辐射的转化率为0.316%,对≥0℃—≤0℃生长期的生理辐射的转化率为0.692%。地上部分在生长的第一个月对总辐射的表观转化率最高,平均为0.57%。     

Description of Meloidoderita polygoni n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidoderitidae) from USA and Observations on M. kirjanovae from Israel and USSR

Meloidoderita polygoni n. sp. is described and illustrated from roots of smartweed (Polygonum hydropiperoides) from Beltsville, Maryland. This new species is similar to M. kirjanovae but differs especially in having larger spines on the cystoid bodies, females with the anus much closer to the vulva, and more posterior excretory pore. M. polygoni differs from M. safrica particularly in having females with a shorter stylet, a DGO much closer to base of stylet, greater distance between vulva and anus, and larger cystoid bodies. LM and SEM observations showed only three incisures in lateral fields of juveniles and males and no bursa in males. Morphometric data and illustrations are given for M. kirjanovae from mint (Mentha longifolia) in Israel and some details on a limited number of specimens from Armenian SSR. LM examination of juveniles from both these areas indicated only three incisures in lateral fields. Males from Israel had no detectable bursa and appeared to have only three incisures in lateral fields. (Males from Armenian SSR not observed.)     

Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers in a perennial herbaceous plant,Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae)

Six single‐locus, polymorphic microsatellite markers in a perennial herbaceous plant, Polygonum cuspidatum, were developed. Tests to amplify these six loci in another Polygonum species failed, suggesting that the six markers are specific to P. cuspidatum.     

Pollination and factors limiting fruit set of chasmogamous flowers of an amphicapric annual,Polygonum thunbergii (Polygonaceae)

We observed phenology and insect visitors of chasmogamous flowers of an amphicarpic annual, Polygonum thunbergii (Polygonaceae) in Kyoto, Japan, and clarified limiting factors for fruit set by bagging and hand-pollination experiments. Flowering season was one month from late September. Flowers were visited by various insect groups (total 30 families and 64 species) and effective pollinators were lower bees (Halictidae) and wasps (Vespidae) in the early flowering season, and middle-sized flies (Syrphidae and Calliphoridae) in the later season. Nectar was secreted at a constant rate (0.013mg sugar/hour) throughout a day and >90% of it was consumed by insects. The average number of flowers per ramet was 122, of which 95% were pollinated in the natural conditions. Bagging experiments showed that 47% of flowers were self-pollinated even under no pollinator visits. Despite of a high probability of cross pollination, the probability of fruit set within the ramet was 0.30 due to resource limitation. We discussed possible adaptive significance of cleistogamous flowers under the condition that seeds could be produced by chasmogamous flowers through self-pollination even under pollinator limited conditions.     

N availability does not modify plant-mediated responses of Trichoplusia ni to elevated CO2

Aims Elevated CO₂ and increased N availability can alter a variety of plant physiological processes leading to changes in the nutritional quality of leaf tissue for herbivores. Numerous experiments have examined the responses of herbivores to environmental change; however the potential effects of simultaneous change in multiple factors on leaf-chewing insect herbivores are less well understood. The plant-mediated effects of elevated CO₂ and high N on the performance of a generalist leaf-chewing insect herbivore, Trichoplusia ni, were investigated.Methods Newly hatched T. ni larvae were introduced to Amaranthus viridis and Polygonum persicaria plants grown under ambient and elevated CO₂ and low and high N conditions. Insect performance was assessed by measuring larvae weight after ten days of feeding. Plant photosynthesis, biomass, leaf area and specific leaf weight were measured to determine the effects of elevated CO₂, N and insect feeding on plant performance.Important findings Elevated CO₂ did not have strong effects on plant or insect performance, only affecting a few responses under low or high N conditions, but not both. Growth under high nitrogen improved almost all measures of plant performance. Trichoplusia ni performed significantly better on Amaranthus viridis (C 4) compared to Polygonum persicaria (C 3), despite similar leaf C:N ratios in both species. The performance of T. ni caterpillars was only improved by the high nitrogen treatment when they were feeding on P. persicaria, the host they performed poorly on. The only interactions between N and CO₂ affecting plant performance were seen for leaf photosynthesis of P. persicaria and leaf area of A. viridis. Contrary to the predictions, there were no significant CO₂ by N interactions affecting T. ni performance.     

Three new species in the genus Polygonum (Polygonaceae) from China

Three new species in Polygonum section Polygonum (Polygonaceae) from Xinjiang, China, are described and illustrated. Polygonum urumqiense F. Z. Li, Y. T. Hou & F. J. Lu is similar to P. aviculare L. in habit, but differs by having flowers densely clustered and spicate in the upper part of branches, stamens 5–6, and two types of achenes (the longer one densely and irregularly granulate on surface). Polygonum tachengense F. Z. Li, Y. T. Hou & F. J. Lu is similar to P. aviculare in the flowers not forming a raceme in the upper part of branches, the stamens 8, and the achenes striate-granulate on surface, but differs by the leaf blades linear-lanceolate, the midvein and lateral veins conspicuously raising abaxially, the ochreae longer, up to 1.1 cm, 15–20-veined, the flowers 3–6 clustered together in the upper axils of branches. This species is also similar to P. patulum M. Bieb. in the erect stem, and the flowers 3–6 clustered together in the axils of the upper part of branches, but differs by the midvein and lateral veins of leaves conspicuously raising abaxially, the ochreae longer, up to 1.1 cm, 15–20-veined, the leaves in the upper part of branches not becoming smaller gradually, and the flowers clustered in the upper axils of branches not forming a raceme, and the achenes striate-granulate on surface. Polygonum shiheziense F. Z. Li, Y. T. Hou & F. J. Lu is similar to P. argyrocoleon Steud. ex Kunze in the erect stem, the 3–6 flowers clustered in the upper axils of branches, the stamens 8, and the slightly smooth achenes, but differs by the midvein and lateral veins of leaves conspicuously raising abaxially, the ochreae longer, up to 1.1 cm, 15–20-veined, and the flowers clustered in the upper axils of branches not forming a raceme. This species is also similar to P. tachengense in habit, but differs in the leaves borne in the upper part of branches becoming smaller gradually and the smooth, slightly shiny achenes. The pollen morphology, leaf epidermal characters and achene micromorphology of the three new species and their relatives were comparatively observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

用SDS-PAGE研究NaHCO3处理后西伯利亚蓼不同部位蛋白表达的变化

利用酚抽提法分别提取对照、3% NaHCO₃处理5 d和10 d的西伯利亚蓼地茎、茎和叶部蛋白,用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和分析软件(Labw ork 3.0)对提取蛋白进行分离和定量分析。结果表明,地茎蛋白图谱在34.1和25.0×10³D位置处出现了两条明显受正向调控的蛋白条带,茎部蛋白图谱在58.1×10³D、47.8×10³D和9.6×10³D位置处出现三条正向调控的条带,叶组织蛋白图谱在25.0×10³D处出现一受正调控的条带。除地茎和叶组织在25.0×10³D处同时出现受正向调控的蛋白条带外,盐处理后其它组织间表达受正向调控的蛋白条带间存在差异,说明西伯利亚蓼不同部位对外界盐胁迫应答存在多样性。     

两种不同植物来源白藜芦醇生物合成关键酶——芪合酶催化效率比较

白藜芦醇是一种天然植保素,且具有特殊的药理和保健功能,芪合酶(Stilbene synthase,STS)是该化合物生物合成的关键酶和限速酶。白藜芦醇存在于有限几种植物且含量差异很大,虎杖中白藜芦醇含量比葡萄、花生高1 000倍以上,推测不同STS的催化能力有可能是白藜芦醇含量差异的原因之一。为验证上述推测,文中通过overlap PCR技术从葡萄叶片基因组DNA中克隆得到葡萄STS基因,连同前期工作中获得的虎杖STS基因(PcPKS5),进行了原核表达分析。诱导表达产物经过Ni2+亲和柱纯化和PD-10柱脱盐后,均得到分子量约43 kDa的可溶性纯化蛋白。酶促产物分析结果表明,两种酶催化产物均为白藜芦醇。酶动力学分析表明,虎杖STS催化效率(Kcat/Km)是葡萄STS的2.4倍。文中从植物类型Ⅲ聚酮化合物合酶(Polyketide synthase,PKS)超家族催化活性位点和保守位点角度分析了造成上述两种酶活性产生差异可能存在的原因。