Scramble competition polygyny in the coreid bug (Colpula lativentris)

The mating system of the coreid bug, Colpula lativentris, was studied, and compared with those in other hemipteran bugs. Copulating pairs formed a compact aggregation on a shoot of the Japanese knotweed, Polygonum cuspidatum, and there continued copulation and feeding for more than one day. This aggregation was defined as “a shoot aggregation”. Other than this aggregation composed of copulating pairs, there were loose aggregations on the ground composed of males and females not in copula. This loose aggregation was defined as “a ground aggregation”. Males searched for receptive females mostly in a ground aggregation. Sex ratio was constant and variance of sex ratio was also very small in any shoot aggregations and in large ground aggregations. However, in small ground aggregations, sex ratio was strongly male biased and variance of sex ratio was fairly large. This was because receptive females tended to leave a small ground aggregation and join a large one. These results suggest that a male can attain higher mating success in a larger ground aggregation.     

PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN POLYGONUM PERSICARIA. II. NORMS OF REACTION TO SOIL MOISTURE AND THE MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

Adaptive phenotypic plasticity is the predicted evolutionary response to fine-grained fluctuation in major environmental factors, such as soil moisture in plant habitats. This study examines genotypes from two natural populations of Polygonum persicaria, one from a relatively homogeneous, moderately moist site, and one from a site in which severe drought and root flooding occur within single growth seasons. Norms of reaction (phenotypic response curves) were determined for a random sample of eight and ten cloned genotypes, respectively, from each of the populations over a controlled moisture gradient ranging from drought to flooding.     

广西何首乌中微量元素的原子吸收光谱分析

用原子吸收光谱法测定了广西何首乌中４种微量元素,考查了方法的精密度和准确度,变异系数为３．１％～４．３％,回收率为９４．５％～１０５．１％。     

The genus Koenigia L. emend. Hedberg (Polygonaceae)

Pollen morphological studies revealed the occurrence of the characteristic spinulose pollen type of Koenigia not only in the three species earlier recognized in the genus (A" islandka, K. nepalensis and K. pilosd) but also in three additional species earlier treated under Polygonum , viz. K delicatula (Meisn.) Hara, K. forrestii (Diels) Mesicek & Soják, and A" nummularifolia (Meisn.) Mesicek & Soják. Further studies of flower morphology, fruit and petiole anatomy, basic chromosome number, etc., revealed additional similarities between those species, which led to a taxonomic revision of the genus Koenigia. This genus seems to be most closely related to Persicaria Mill, sections Cephalophilon (Meisn.) Gross and Echinocaulon (Meisn.) Gross, with Koenigia delicatula as a connecting link. There arc also interesting similarities with the genus Aconogonon (Meisn.) Rchb. Koenigia exemplifies the derivation from montane ancestors of a high mountain-dwelling genus displaying adaptive radiation to fit diverse alpine niches. Five species out of six are confined to high mountain areas in southeastern Asia, primarily in the Himalayas, whereas the sixth has spread to Arctic and alpine areas in the northern hemisphere and even penetrated to southern South America. The latter species shows progressive reduction in size in combination with adaptation to a very short summer under severe climatic conditions.     

Genetic variation in and covariation between leaf gas exchange,morphology, and development in Polygonum arenastrum,an annual plant

Summary We present evidence of genetic variation in and covariation between leaf-level gas exchange properties and leaf size among family lines of Polygonum arenastrum. This self-fertilizing annual had previously been shown to vary genetically in developmental phenology and in morphology (size of leaves, internodes, flowers and seeds) (Geber 1990). Significant family differences were found in photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate (A), lcaf conductance to water vapor (g), instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE), and leaf carbon isotope discrimination (). A strong positive genetic correlation between A and g suggested that there was stomatal limitation on A. In addition, higher g led to relatively greater increases in transpiration, E, than in assimilation, A, so that families with high rates of gas exchange had lower instantaneous WUE and/or higher carbon isotope discrimination values. Leaf size and gas exchange were genetically correlated. In earlier studies leaf size was found to be genetically correlated with developmental phenology (Geber 1990). The pattern that emerges is one in which small-leaved families (which also have small internodes, flowers, and seeds) tend to have high gas exchange rates, low WUE, rapid development to flowering and high early fecundity, but reduced life span and maximum (vegetative and reproductive) yield compared to large-leaved families. We suggest that this pattern may have arisen from selection for contrasting suites of characters adapted to environments differing in season length.     

Comparison of Photosynthetic Adaptability Between Kobresia humilis and Polygonum viviparum on Qinghai Plateau

The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Kobresia humilis Serg. and Polygonum viviparum L. grown at two different altitudes (3200 m, 3980 m) were measured and the ultrastructure of chloroplasts were observed for studying the photosynthetic adaptability of plants to the influences of stress conditions in alpine environment. Rfd -values, the vitality index, in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum grown at 3980 m were higher than those at 3200 m. The higher ratio of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum indicated that the rate of photosynthetic conversion of light energy increased at higher altitude. Ratios of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm and Rfd -values in K.humilis were higher than that in P.viviparum grown at the same altitude. There were more irregular chloroplasts in leaves of both species grown at higher altitude. Many irregular chloroplasts such as swollen thylakoid, deformed chloroplast envelope, were observed in P.viviparum grown at 3980 m, but few in K.　humilis . These results were discussed in relation to the photosynthetic adaptability of alpine plants and the different adaptive competence between K.humilis and P.viviparum.     

中药蓼大青叶及其伪品的nrDNA ITS区序列的测定

中药蓼大青叶的基源为蓼科蓼属植物蓼蓝（Polygonum tinctorium Ait),同属植物的水蓼（辣蓼）,（P.hydropiperL.)的叶常作其伪品,本文采用PCR直接测序法,首次测定了它们的核糖体DNA ITS区序列,结果显示,两者充列长度（ITS1,5,8S,ITS2）均为646bp,序列间共有28个变异位点,本研究为产蓝植物的DNA分子鉴定提供了必要的序列资料。     

Effects of Explants,Medium Formulations and Light on Callus Induction and Secondary Metabolites Accumulated in the Calli of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae)

Callus initiation of a Chinese traditional medical plant , Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc (Polygonaceae) was studied, with a focus on the factors that could influence the callus induction ability and secondary metabolites accumulation. In comparison with the parent explants, the levels of total phenolics and flavones were 2 to 3-fold higher and the levels of anthraquinones (AQ_s) were lower in all calli induced. Different explants exhibited great variability in callus induction rate and secondarymetabolite accumulation. Among the three explants tested, leaf explants were with the best capacity in callus induction, while root explants accumulated the highest levels in secondary metabolites. Two media of six tested, MS and N6 respectively plus 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 1.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine, showed the best performances in both callus growth and secondary metabolite accumulation. Illumination shower a remarkable effects on both callus induction and secondary metabolite accumulation, but no regular pattern was observed.     

转基因何首乌毛状根对8种活性成分的生物转化研究

目的：利用转基因何首乌毛状根悬浮培养体系对青蒿素等8种活性化合物进行生物转化研究。方法：分别向预培养9 d的何首乌毛状根培养体系中加入底物,共培养7 d后终止转化,通过TLC和/或HPLC检测转化产物,使用柱色谱法分离纯化产物。结果：化合物呋喃橐吾酮（6）发生了生物转化,并分离得到两个转化产物;对苯二酚（7）被转化,分离并鉴定出1个转化产物;青蒿素（8）发生了转化,分离得到两个转化产物。结论：转基因何首乌毛状根悬浮体系中存在多种生物酶系统,可对外源底物进行糖基化、氧化、还原和羟基化修饰。