酶解法提高虎杖中白藜芦醇含量的研究

目的:提高虎杖中白藜芦醇的含量. 方法:采用酶解法使虎杖中白藜芦醇甙转化为白藜芦醇.对影响酶解的虎杖颗粒度、浸润用水量、酶解温度、时间4个因素进行考察,得出了最佳的酶解工艺. 结论:最佳酶解工艺是,虎杖粗碎至3 mm～10目、用3倍量的水浸润后、在(45±0.5) ℃下酶解2天.酶解后虎杖中白藜芦醇的含量提高了2.72倍.     

何首乌种质资源核型分析及进化趋势研究

以32份何首乌种质为研究材料,采用常规压片法,对其进行核型分析及进化趋势研究。结果表明:(1)32份何首乌种质存在二倍体(2n=2x=22)和三倍体(2n=3x=33)两种倍型;核型不对称系数As.K%和AI值分别在51.85%～61.52%和0.37～1.40;核型有"1A"、"1B"和"2A"3种类型,属于进化程度较低的植物。(2)在32份何首乌种质中,53.13%的种质为三倍体,表明多倍化在何首乌种质的进化中起着重要作用,但染色体结构变异也是其进化的主要途径之一。(3)何首乌各种质染色体形态变化较大,进化程度参差不齐,可能与种质的生境有一定相关性。(4)何首乌最初的起源中心可能在高纬度地区,在向低纬度地区迁移过程中发生了染色体数目及结构的变化。     

冬虫夏草寄主蝠蛾天然饲料珠芽蓼对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾生长发育的影响

珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum L.是冬虫夏草寄主蝠蛾的天然饲料,具有较高的药用、营养与饲用价值。本文分别于小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)与斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius的人工饲料中添加5%、15%、25%的新鲜珠芽蓼根粉饲喂小菜蛾与斜纹夜蛾,测定了新鲜珠芽蓼根对小菜蛾与斜纹夜蛾生长发育与存活的影响。结果显示,珠芽蓼根对小菜蛾与斜纹夜蛾的1-4龄幼虫具有很强的生长抑制活性及毒杀活性,对斜纹夜蛾5龄幼虫具有明显的毒杀活性。     

Free fatty acids from the weed,Polygonum orientale leaves for attraction of the potential biocontrol agent,Galerucella placida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Extraction, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of leaf surface waxes of Polygonum orientale L. (Polygonaceae) weed revealed 11, 15 and 11 free fatty acids in young, mature and senescent stages. Oleic acid was the predominant in young leaves (5950 ± 111 µg); whereas palmitic acid was the predominant fatty acids, representing 4247.5 ± 23 and 6644 ± 110 µg in mature and senescent leaves, respectively. Both tridecanoic and heneicosanoic acids were not detected in young and senescent leaves, and myristic and heptadecanoic acids were not identified in young leaves; whereas lauric and nonadecanoic acids were not detected in senescent leaves. The free fatty acids from young, mature and senescent weed leaves, and the mixtures of synthetic fatty acids mimicking free fatty acids of three types of weed leaves attracted female Galerucella placida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) at the minimal amounts of 2, 1 and 2 leaf equivalent free fatty acids, respectively, in Y-shaped glass tube olfactometer bioassays under laboratory conditions. Individual synthetic pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, stearic, nonadecanoic and docosanoic acids at 44.82, 9.91, 92.22, 18.33 and 15.88 µg, respectively, elicited attraction of the insect. A synthetic blend of 3.59, 7.89, 44.82, 9.91, 32.31, 18.33 and 15.88 µg of lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, nonadecanoic and docosanoic acids, respectively, indicated highest attraction of the insect.     

New Technology for Estimating Seed Production of Moist-Soil Plants

ABSTRACT Waterfowl biologists estimate seed production in moist-soil wetlands to calculate duck-energy days (DEDs) and evaluate management techniques. Previously developed models that predict plant seed yield using morphological measurements are tedious and time consuming. We developed simple linear regression models that indirectly and directly related seed-head area to seed production for 7 common moist-soil plants using portable and desktop scanners and a dot grid, and compared time spent processing samples and predictive ability among models. To construct models, we randomly collected approximately 60 plants/species at the Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge, USA, during September 2005 and 2006, threshed and dried seed from seed heads, and related dry mass to seed-head area. All models explained substantial variation in seed mass (R²< 0.87) and had high predictive ability (R²_predicted < 0.84). Processing time of seed heads averaged 22 and 3 times longer for the dot grid and portable scanner, respectively, than for the desktop scanner. We recommend use of desktop scanners for accurate and rapid estimation of moist-soil plant seed production. Seed predictions per plant from our models can be used to estimate total seed production and DEDs in moist-soil wetlands.     

Chromosome Number and Development of Gametophytes in Euptelea pleiospermum (Eupteleaceae)

Euptelea Sieb. et Zucc. is a genus of 2 species, endemic to East Asia and disjunctly distributed in China and Japan. The present paper deals with cytology and embryology of the Chinese species E.pleiospermum Hook. f. et Thoms., providing materials for discussing the classificatory rank and relationships of the genus. This work reports the chromosome number, n = 14 and 2n = 28 (Plate 1: 1, 2), for E.pleiospermum, which is consistent with that of the Japanese species, E. plyandra Sieb. et Zucc.,reported by Sugiure (1931) and Whitaker (1933). This number is different from those of the related genera, i. e. n=20 or 2n=40 in Trochodendron and 2n = 48(46)in Tetracentron (Cronquist, 1981), and, therefore, the cytological evidence supports the treatmemt of the genus as a separate family by Smith (1945, 1946), Chrlotte and Bailey (1946), Cronquist(1981), Thorne (1983), Dahlgren(1983), Wang (1984). The ovule of E. pleiospermum is anatropous, bitegminous and crassinucellate (Plate 1: 10), the characters which have been already reported by Davis (1966). In addition, the present work shows that in E. pleiospermum the tapetum is glandular, consisting of 2-or 4-nucleate tapetal cells; cytokinesus at meiosis of pollen mother cells is simultaneous; microspore tetrads are mainly tetrahedral; pollen grains are 2-celled (Plate 1: 4, 5, 6, 9), the third megaspore from the micropyle is functional and develops into the Polygonum type of embryo sac, and synergids are of a wide-openly dichotomous filiform apparatus (Plate 2: 14, 18;Fig. 1:4,6). These are the characters reported here for the first time. Due to the lack of embryological da-ta for the related families, it is impossible to make a systematic comparison of embryology.     

P uptake characteristics and root morphological responses in the mining ecotype of Polygonum hydropiper under high organic P media

Understanding plant phosphorus (P) assimilation and its root morphological responses is important to acquire an ideal material for remediation of P-enriched environments. Pot experiments were conducted to explore P accumulation and root morphological traits in a mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME) of Polygonum hydropiper under different organic P (Po) sources (G1P, AMP, ATP, IHP) and inorganic P (Pi) source (KH₂PO₄), and also their responses to a high level of IHP for different growth periods. Both ecotypes showed higher biomass in Pi and IHP treatments than other Po sources. P accumulation in seedlings were in the order of Pi > IHP > other Po media. Extending the growth period increased biomass and P accumulation in both ecotypes. The ME demonstrated 1.11–1.46 times higher P accumulation than the NME. Seedlings fed with IHP demonstrated significantly greater morphological parameters of fine, medium, and thick roots compared to other Po sources. Total root length, surface area, and volume of both ecotypes significantly increased with the prolonged growth period. The ME has a higher ability to develop root system and exhibits better distribution of fine roots to enhance P accumulation from high P media, and thus it is a worthy material for P-phytoextraction.     

头花蓼化学成分研究

从苗药头花蓼(Polygonum capitatumBuch.-Ham.ex D.Don)乙酸乙酯部位中分离得到9个化合物,根据理化性质结合波谱学技术分别鉴定为槲皮素-3-O-(4″-O-乙酰基)-α-L-鼠李糖苷(1)、槲皮素(2)、槲皮苷(3)、杨梅苷(4)、槲皮素-3-O-(2″-没食子酰基)-鼠李糖苷(5)、原儿茶酸(6)、胡萝卜苷(7)、没食子酸(8)、没食子酸乙酯(9)。其中化合物1为首次从该属植物中分得,化合物4为首次从该植物中分得。同时,对黄酮苷类化合物中鼠李糖不同位置乙酰基取代后的1HNMR和13C NMR波谱数据进行了归纳总结。     

枫蓼肠胃康口服液HPLC指纹图谱研究

建立了一种整体定性鉴别和指标成分定量的HPLC指纹图谱方法,对由牛耳枫和辣蓼两味药材组成的枫蓼肠胃康口服液原料及成品进行了指纹图谱研究,并测定了指标成分芦丁、金丝桃苷和异鼠李素的含量。采用Waters ODS C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm I.D.5μm),用含甲醇和甲酸溶液作为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,并对原料和成品的相应色谱峰进行归属鉴别。结果显示芦丁、金丝桃苷和异鼠李素得到了满意的线性范围,相关系数均大于0.999。按照SFDA的要求,对原料和成品的色谱指纹图谱采用相关系数法和夹角余弦法两种数学方法计算它们的相似度,两种计算方法相似度均不小于0.852。表明建立的枫蓼肠胃康口服液的定性定量方法显著优于传统的质量控制方法。     

Changes in immune responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner followed by feeding on Knotgrass,Polygonum persicaria agglutinin

There is no study implying the effect of plant lectins on insect immune elements in both challenged and non‐challenged conditions with entomopathogenic agents. Lectins may bind to immune receptors on the surface of insect hemocytes, thus inducing or even disabling common immune functions including hemocyte counts, nodulation/encapsulation, phenoloxidase activity, and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. In the present study, effect of Polygonum persicaria L. agglutinin (PPA) on immune responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner was investigated by feeding artificial diet treated to the larvae. Subsequently hemocyte count and expression of some immune‐related genes were considered for analyses. The two groups of larvae including control and PPA‐treated (1%) were divided into four subgroups of intact, Tween‐80 injected, latex‐bead injected and Beauveria bassiana‐injected. Except for intact larvae, the highest numbers of total and differential hemocyte counts were recorded 12 hr postinjection, however, the PPA‐fed larvae showed a significantly lower hemocyte counts compared to control. The number of nodules in PPA‐fed larvae was significantly lower than control, but the injected larvae of both control and PPA showed the highest nodulation 24 hr postinjection. Although the highest activity of phenoloxidase was observed 12 and 24 hr postinjection but its activity significantly decreased in PPA‐fed larvae compared to control. Gene expression of antimicrobial peptides including attacin, cecropin, and peptidoglycan receptor proteins were significantly decreased in artificial diet‐fed larvae containing PPA and then injected by B. bassiana spores and latex bead compared to control. These results clearly indicate adverse effects of PPA on immune responses in H. armigera.