Neural origins of basal diencephalon in teleost fishes: Radial versus tangential migration

Teleost fish possess large lateral diencephalic regions such as the torus lateralis, the preglomerular area, and the diffuse nucleus of the hypothalamic inferior lobe. While their developmental origins traditionally were suggested to lie in diencephalic midline ventricular proliferative zones, more remote midbrain origins were reported recently. This review focuses on the preglomerular region and summarizes the data supporting three existing hypotheses on its developmental origins. The conclusion is that lateral torus, diffuse nucleus of hypothalamic inferior lobe, and preglomerular region are part of the diencephalon, but have a multiregional origin provided by both radially and tangentially migrating cells forming these regions in question.     

A subset of DN1p neurons integrates thermosensory inputs to promote wakefulness via CNMa signaling

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Immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the circumventricular organs of the rat

Summary The indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique was used to investigate the possible presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the circumventricular organs of the rat. Considerable numbers of VIP-immunoreactive fibers were seen in the pineal gland. A moderate amount of VIP-immunoreactive fibers was present in the median eminence, the posterior lobe of the pituitary and the area postrema, but only few fibers were found in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. No immunoreactivity was observed in the subfornical organ or the subcommissural organ. The circumventricular organs investigated were completely free of VIP-immunoreactive perikarya. In the circumventricular organs, VIP-immunoreactive fibers were visible between the parenchymal cells and in the perivascular spaces. The presence of coarse VIP-immunoreactive terminals in apposition to the portal vessels in the external layer of the median eminence indicates that VIP may be secreted directly into the pituitary portal circulation, thus influencing the anterior pituitary cells. The presence of large VIP-immunoreactive boutons in the posterior lobe of the pituitary suggests a secretion of VIP directly into the systemic circulation. In the pineal gland, a dense innervation by VIP-immunoreactive fibers was found in the peripheral superficial part of organ, with fibers penetrating into its central portion where they mainly terminate near in vicinity of the capillaries. In the area postrema, VIP-immunoreactive material was mainly found at the ventral border of the organ. In addition to the secretion of VIP into the bloodstream via the circumventricular organs, this study provides evidence that VIP exerts specific influence on the cellular elements of these organs.     

同侧俯卧位对枕后位产程活跃期停滞胎方位纠正率和自然分娩率的影响

目的:研究同侧俯卧位对枕后位产程活跃期停滞胎方位纠正率和自然分娩率的影响。方法:选取我院收治的枕后位产程活跃期停滞产妇160例,采取数字随机法分成同侧组自由组,同侧组采取同侧俯卧位治疗,自由组采取自由卧位治疗,比较两组的治疗对产妇的胎方位纠正率及自然分娩率的影响。结果:同侧组胎方位纠正率90.00%,自由组胎方位纠正率31.25%,同侧组胎方位纠正率高于自由组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。同侧组自然分娩率91.25%,自由组自然分娩率77.50%,同侧组自然分娩率高于自由组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:同侧俯卧位可提高枕后位产程活跃期停滞胎方位纠正率和自然分娩率,并且无创简便,是一种有效的干预方法。     

Bayesian estimation of inverse dose response

SUMMARY: Inverse dose-response estimation refers to the inference of an effective dose of some agent that gives a desired probability of response, say 0.5. We consider inverse dose response for two agents, an application that has not received much attention in the literature. Through the posterior profiling technique (Hsu, 1995, The Canadian Journal of Statistics 23, 399-410), we propose a Bayesian method in which we approximate the marginal posterior distribution of an effective dose using a profile posterior distribution, and obtain the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate for the effective dose. We then employ an adaptive direction sampling algorithm to obtain the highest posterior density (HPD) credible region for the effective dose. Using the MAP and HPD estimates, investigators will be able to simultaneously calibrate the levels of two agents in dose-response studies. We illustrate our proposed Bayesian method through a simulation study and two practical examples.     

A historical literature review on the role of posterior axillary boost field in the axillary lymph node coverage and development of lymphedema following regional nodal irradiation in breast cancer

To elucidate whether (1) a posterior axillary boost (PAB) field is an optimal method to target axillary lymph nodes (LNs); and (2) the addition of a PAB increases the incidence of lymphedema, a systematic review was undertaken. A literature search was performed in the PubMed database. A total of 16 studies were evaluated. There were no randomized studies. Seven articles have investigated dosimetric aspects of a PAB. The remaining 9 articles have determined the effect of a PAB field on the risk of lymphedema. Only 2 of 9 articles have prospectively reported the impact of a PAB on the risk of lymphedema development. There are conflicting reports on the necessity of a PAB. The PAB field provides a good coverage of level I/II axillary LNs because these nodes are usually at a greater depth. The main concern regarding a PAB is that it produces a hot spot in the anterior region of the axilla. Planning studies optimized a traditional PAB field. Prospective studies and the vast majority of retrospective studies have reported the use of a PAB field does not result in increasing the risk of lymphedema development over supraclavicular-only field. The controversies in the incidence of lymphedema suggest that field design may be more important than field arrangement. A key factor regarding the use of a PAB is the depth of axillary LNs. The PAB field should not be used unless there is an absolute indication for its application. Clinicians should weigh lymphedema risk in individual patients against the limited benefit of a PAB, in particular after axillary dissection. The testing of the inclusion of upper arm lymphatics in the regional LN irradiation target volume, and universal methodology measuring lymphedema are all areas for possible future studies.