污染环境中可再生资源的最优收获问题

探讨了污染环境下双种群的最优收获问题．利用Pontryagin极大值原理得到一种最优分配方案——处理资源种群体内毒素的努力度与收获资源种群的努力度的分配方案,使经营者的经济收入达到最大,同时也得到次最优均衡解。     

45份活性乳酸菌饮料微生物指标检测结果的分析

目的：对辽宁21家生产企业生产的活性乳酸菌饮料进行了微生物指标检测结果的分析。方法：共采集活性乳酸菌饮料45份,对其进行了乳酸菌数、大肠菌群数、致病菌、霉菌及酵母菌的测定,并对霉菌及酵母菌的菌相进行了分析。结果：17份样品乳酸菌数未达到食品卫生国家标准的要求,合格率为62.22%,有5份样品的霉菌数及4份样品的酵母数超过了食品卫生国家标准的要求,霉菌及酵母菌的合格率分别为88.89%、91.11%。本次调查共检出霉菌280株,占比例较大的是青霉、曲霉、镰刀菌、木霉、毛霉等,其中大部分可产生对人体有害的霉菌毒素。检出酵母菌1240株,主要为汉逊酵母、红酵母。结论：45份活性乳酸菌饮料中乳酸菌数合格率是比较低的。乳酸菌数量对产品质量优劣起着重要的作用,因此,通过对乳酸菌的分离培养与计数技术经常检测其活性是非常必要的。     

A comparison of national approaches to setting ecological status boundaries in phytobenthos assessment for the European Water Framework Directive: results of an intercalibration exercise

The European Union (EU)’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that all Member States participate in intercalibration exercises in order to ensure that ecological status concepts and assessment levels are consistent across the EU. This paper describes one such exercise, performed by the countries in the Central/Baltic Geographical Intercalibration Group stretching from Ireland in the west to Estonia in the east and from the southern parts of Scandinavia to the northern regions of Spain and Italy (but excluding alpine regions, which were intercalibrated separately). In this exercise, methods used to measure ecological status of rivers using benthic diatoms were compared. Ecological status is estimated as the ratio between the observed value of a biological element and the value expected in the absence of significant human impact. Approaches to defining the ‘reference sites’, from which these ‘expected’ values were derived, varied from country to country. Minimum criteria were established as part of the exercise but there was still considerable variation between national reference values, reflecting typological differences that could not be resolved during the exercise. A simple multimetric index was developed to compare boundary values using two widely used diatom metrics. Boundary values for high/good status and good/moderate status set by each participant were converted to their equivalent values of this intercalibration metric using linear regression. Variation of ±0.05 EQR units around the median value was considered to be acceptable and the exercise provided a means for those Member States who fell significantly above or below this line to review their approaches and, if necessary, adjust their boundaries. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

SIR传染病模型的参数反演

本文将Adams微分方程数值求解方法和神经网络技术相结合,提出了一种适合于SIR传染病模型参数反演的新方法,该方法可以根据不同的传染病类型和传染病发展的不同阶段反演得到SIR模型参数,从而为分析疫情的发展、制定和评判控制措施提供依据.最后本文以北京2003年公布的SARS疫情数据,采用上述方法进行参数反演,计算结果表明反演参数得到的SIR模型计算结果与实测数据相吻合.     

Long-term recovery of macroinvertebrate biota in grossly polluted streams: Re-colonisation as a constraint to ecological quality

To meet targets imposed by the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) it is vital that measures to improve the status of rivers are both effective and economically viable. Achievement of such aims needs robust understanding of biological responses to changes in water quality vis-à-vis mechanisms of and constraints to the colonization of previously polluted sites. This study therefore examined the long-term chemical and biological changes in historically polluted rivers to elucidate the responses of macroinvertebrate biota to improvements in chemical water quality. For three historically polluted sites in the English Midlands, data from surveys over a period of ca. 50 years were analysed. Ammonia (NH₃) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) were used as chemical water quality indicators. Variations in the ecological recovery of the study sites were assessed using an average pollution sensitivity score (Average Score Per Taxon) and the number of taxa present (usually to family level) present in hand-net samples. Ecological recovery varied widely and was influenced by the intensity and spatial extent of the pollution and the proximity of available sources of potential colonisers. At the site most isolated from potential sources of colonizing taxa, no clean-water macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded 30 years after the major sources of pollution ceased. Where clean-water colonisers were more readily available, significant improvements in ecological quality followed within 2–5 years of the improvements in chemical quality. Macroinvertebrate communities and hence monitoring data may thus be indicative of long past conditions or of biological isolation rather than contemporaneous chemical conditions. Combined chemical and biological data were used to explore a generic model for predicting recovery rates and success. Neither BOD₅ nor NH₃ were found to provide a consistent and meaningful prediction of either average pollution tolerance of macroinvertebrate taxa or of the number of taxa present. Long-term relationships between macroinvertebrate variables and chemical water quality variables, however, were non-linear, suggesting that water quality thresholds may have to be exceeded before biological recovery can occur. Even when chemical water quality has been improved substantially, the apparent ecological status of macroinvertebrate communities may not reflect reduced pollution levels attained until adequate time to allow for re-colonisation (possibly decades) has elapsed.     

Evaluation of aerial microbial pollutants in Al-Haram Al-Nabawi during pilgrimage of 2013

Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah is the second holiest site in Islam. The possibility of new emerging microbes is valid due to the increased number of pilgrims. The objectives of the current study were to estimate the numbers of fungi and bacteria inside and outside Al-Haram Al-Nabawi and to find whether new bacterial and fungal species have emerged compared to previous studies. Air samples were collected twice a day from 12 spots and four directions during the pilgrim year of 2013 for four consecutive weeks by using the sedimentation method. Thirty five genera and fifty eight species were identified. The most recovered bacterial genera were Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Dermacoccus with 32.47%, 18.18%, 12.85%, and 11.23%, respectively. Fifty nine isolates of fungi were molecularly identified. Aspergillus species had the highest percentage (78%). The other fungal genera identified (Alternaria triticina, Emericella nidulans, Emericella striata, Mucor circinelloides, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium minioluteum, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum) had less than 5% frequency. In places such as Al-Haram Al-Nabawi, a large and crowded public (millions) exist especially during pilgrimages and Ramadan, thus, exposure to microorganisms is high. On the other hand, microorganism infectivity depends on many factors including their virulence, landing site, and person’s immunity. For those reasons, many aspects should be considered to avoid aerosol contaminants.     

Nutrient concentrations in tidal creeks as indicators of the water quality role of mangrove wetlands in Southwest Florida

Coastal mangroves have the potential to improve the water quality of urban and rural runoff before it is discharged into adjacent coastal bays and oceans; but they also can be impaired by excessive pollutants from upstream. Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), salinity, and other water quality parameters were measured in five mangrove tidal creeks in different hydrogeomorphic and urbanization settings during high and low tides over a calendar year of wet (June and August 2015) and dry (February and April 2016) seasons in the Greater Naples Bay area in Southwest Florida, USA. Nutrient concentrations (ave. ± std error) in the tidal creeks were 0.055 ± 0.008 mg-P/L for total phosphorus (TP) and 0.610 ± 0.020 mg-N/L for total nitrogen (TN), with an average N:P ratio of 11.4:1. Average wet season TP (0.075 ± 0.010 mg-P/L) was significantly higher than the dry season TP (0.033 ± 0.003 mg-P/L; p < 0.01, f = 15.17, f_crit = 3.89) and the average wet season TN (0.75 ± 0.03 mg-N/L) was significantly higher than dry season TN (0.52 ± 0.02 mg/L; p < 0.01, f = 64.14, f_crit = 3.89), suggesting that urban stormwater runoff is directly or indirectly affecting the nutrient conditions in these mangroves. Significant differences in nutrient concentrations between low tide and high tide were not found for either TP (p = 0.43, f = .63, f_crit = 3.88) or TN (p = 0.20, f = 1.66, f_crit = 3.89). These differences were confirmed by a PCA and cluster analyses, which found differences to be seasonal. We could not conclude from these results whether these five mangrove wetlands were sources nor sinks of nutrients based simply on the measurement of nutrient concentrations. But we illustrated that nutrient concentrations were indicators of the mangroves’ hydrogeomorphic settings, their tidal fluxes from Naples Bay, and the Bay's upstream watersheds, and less by direct urban runoff.     

滇池流域居民-农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术

以滇池流域六甲乡金家村为研究对象,该区为城郊典型的居民-农田混合区,总面积14万m²,其中居民区面积为7.7万m²,常驻人口780口,区内有一家约120头的养猪场,一个具有9家洗涤企业的金家村工业园区,居民区和养殖、工业废水直接排向就近的90%种植韭菜的农田区。针对该区村庄-小企业-农田-养殖业呈复区分布,污染源复杂,雨污混流污染严重,污水管网建设滞后,化肥施用过量,沟渠湿地系统破碎等现状,研发出兼顾水质净化和农田排灌的居民-农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术,包括改良化粪池与组合基质床,生态支沟,生态干渠,A/O生物处理系统,复合人工湿地等污水处理技术,以及农田内部的节氮控磷技术,如精确施肥,施用硝化抑制剂抑制氮向水体迁移,垄沟内浮萍的氮磷滞留与养分循环利用。通过12个月的连续监测表明:在非降雨日负荷为500m³/d的工况下,改良化粪池与组合基质床对COD,TP,TN的去除率分别为61.3%,50.50%,44.4%;A/O生物处理系统对COD,TP,TN的去除率分别为65.8%,55.2%,55.2%;生态支沟由于进水量小浓度高,水力停留时间长,其对COD,TP,TN的去除率均比生态干渠的高,分别高29.0%,17.5%,28.4%;系统末端复合人工湿地对污染物质的去除效果分别为COD 50.6%,TP44.9%,TN36.4%。一年内依托集成技术建设的生态工程去除污染物的总量为COD 143.71t,TP2.43t和TN16.99t,对氮磷的去除量相当于一座负荷为350～620m³/d 的市政污水处理厂去除的量。经济效益分析得出,整个系统日耗电量18度,由一名工人即可管护。传统施肥减量20%+叶面肥,每年每公顷可减少氮肥投入约2400元,增加叶面肥投入约500元,减少收入约1300元,合计增收3200元。浮萍滞留与养分循环利用,每年每公顷韭菜地相当于少施用151kg尿素和93kg过磷酸钙的氮磷含量。施用DCD和元素硫,淋溶水中硝态氮的浓度降低了59.2%,测渗水中则降低了62.2%。可见,居民-农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术不但可以有效去除污染物,而且在保证产量的情况下,增加农民收益。技术适用于城市郊区、城乡结合部及广大农村等城市污水管网未覆盖地区推广使用,具有巨大的推广潜力。     

不同工艺阶段味精废水对作物种子发芽和根伸长的毒性效应

为了对味精废水的污染进行全面的评价,针对不同工艺阶段排放的味精废水,采用小麦、白菜和西红柿等作物种子,以污水为环境介质,进行了种子发芽和根伸长的污染暴露实验,并结合污染现场,进行了相应的定量分析.结果表明,在高浓度原味精废母液中, 小麦种子的发芽抑制率和根伸长的抑制率与废水的浓度呈显著正相关.味精废水对3种作物种子的发芽和根伸长的毒性强弱顺序为：西红柿＞白菜＞小麦西红柿对味精废水毒性响应最为敏感,可以认为是一种较为理想的生物毒性指示作物.味精生产不同工艺阶段所排放的污水对这3种作物种子的发芽半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为22.0～32432 mg·L^-1,对根伸长的半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为17.3～3320 mg·L^-1.     

污染河道治理技术研究进展

河道综合整治已引起人们广泛关注。综述了国内外河道治理常用的物理、化学和生物等方法的原理和工艺。物理法介绍了调水、机械除藻、底泥疏浚等,该法治标不治本;化学法有混凝沉淀,它易造成产生二次污染;生态-生物法是国外近年来发展很快的,借助自然界自身的水体自净能力治理受污水体的一类新技术,包括河道曝气法、生物膜法、生物修复技术,土地处理法等。同时也介绍了目前发展起来的最新河道治理工艺,如悬浮填料移动床、曝气生态净化系统和底泥生物氧化等多种方法,这类工艺是将生物法与其他工艺相结合,具有多功能、高效率等特点。