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381.
David Henley 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(2):273-290
This paper uses a variety of historical evidence from Indonesia to explore the conditions for sustainable management of natural
resources. In the agricultural sphere, history gives reason for optimism regarding the ability of individuals to conserve
and improve soil resources on an uncoordinated, anarchic basis under systems of intensive smallholder farming and agroforestry.
It also suggests that this ability may be enhanced, rather than eroded, both by population growth and by the commercialization
of agriculture. When it comes to the management of forests and fisheries and the conservation of nature, by contrast, there
is less reason for optimism. If sustainable solutions are to be found in these spheres, the historical evidence suggests that
they will involve political hierarchy, and will depend on the honouring of a social contract in which the state serves the
public interest while retaining the powers of coercion which it needs in order to do just that. 相似文献
382.
Society's Metabolism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
"Societal metabolism" provides the appropriate conceptual basis for the rapidly growing development and analylical and policy interest in materials flow analysis (MFA). Following the review of the earlier intellectual background of societal metabolism in the first installment of this two-part article, this paper focuses on the current state of the art by examining more recent research referring t o societal metabolism in terms of material and substance flows. An operational classification of the literature according to frame of reference (socioeconomic system, ecosystem), system level (global, national, regional, functional, temporal), and types of flows under consideration (materials, energy, substances) highlights some of its characteristic features. There follows an integrated discussion of some of the major conceptual and methodological properties of MFA, with a particular focus on the field of bulk materials flows on a national level, comparing the major empirical results. Finally, the theoretical stringency research productivity, and political relevance of the MFA-related studies are assessed. 相似文献
383.
Sara Schwartz 《Biology & philosophy》2002,17(3):369-388
This paper discusses the individuation of characters for the use asunits by geneticists at the beginning of the 20th century. Thediscussion involves the Presence and Absence Hypothesis as a case study. It issuggested that the gap between conceptual consideration and etiological factorsof individuating of characters is being handled by way of mutual adjustment.Confrontation of a suggested morphological unit character with experimentresults molded the final boundaries of it. 相似文献