尼泊尔小头叶蝉属一新种记述（同翅目：叶蝉科：秀头叶蝉亚科）

本文记述了采自尼泊尔的叶蝉科秀头叶蝉亚科小头叶蝉属1新种：凹瓣小头叶蝉Placidus incurvatus,sp.nov,并确认小头叶蝉属应隶属于秀头叶蝉亚科。新种模式标本保藏于英国自然历史博物馆(BMNH)。该新种额唇基具1近似漏斗形的纵长黄色区域,阳基侧突外基突端部向外侧弯折翘起,生殖瓣端部凹入,明显有别于同属其它种类。     

The Effects of Artificial Beach Nourishment on Marine Turtles: Differences between Loggerhead and Green Turtles

Marine turtle reproductive success is correlated with the stability and quality of the nesting environment. Female marine turtles show fidelity to nesting beaches, making artificial beach nourishment practices directly relevant to their recovery. We evaluated the impacts of artificial beach nourishment on Loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ) and Green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) between artificially nourished and nonnourished beaches. We observed reduced nesting success (ratio of nesting emergences to emergences not resulting in nest deposition) for both species. This negative effect lasted for one season in Loggerheads and for at least one season in Green turtles. Physical attributes of the fill sand did not impede nesting attempts. We argue that the decrease in nesting success resulted from an altered beach profile not favorable for nest deposition, which subsequently improved in later seasons as the beach equilibrated to a more natural slope. We observed a 52.2% decrease in reproductive output (hatchlings km⁻¹ yr⁻¹) for Loggerheads one year postnourishment, with a 44.1% increase observed the two seasons postnourishment. In Green turtles, a 0.8% reduction was observed the first season postnourishment, despite a 13% increase in the nonnourished area. The reduction in reproductive output in both cases was primarily a consequence of decreased nesting success, lowering nest numbers. These results reveal stronger negative effects of beach nourishment on Loggerheads compared to Green turtles and the importance of minimizing excessive nonnesting emergences associated with artificial beach nourishment. Nourished areas also experienced more than 600% increase in the number of Loggerhead hatchlings disoriented by artificial lighting over two years postnourishment.     

对Logistic增长的SIS模型实现反馈线性化和极点配置的一步设计

非线性系统极点配置状态反馈调节器的常用方法为两步设计,而且要求必须满足对合条件,对于一个高于二阶的实际系统很难满足这些严格的条件,精确线性化和极点配置一步设计的方法避免了严格的对合条件,本文将这种方法运用在非线性微分代数系统中,并将此法应用到生物系统上．     

Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction,extrapolation and comparison of assemblages

Aims In ecology and conservation biology, the number of species counted in a biodiversity study is a key metric but is usually a biased underestimate of total species richness because many rare species are not detected. Moreover, comparing species richness among sites or samples is a statistical challenge because the observed number of species is sensitive to the number of individuals counted or the area sampled. For individual-based data, we treat a single, empirical sample of species abundances from an investigator-defined species assemblage or community as a reference point for two estimation objectives under two sampling models: estimating the expected number of species (and its unconditional variance) in a random sample of (i) a smaller number of individuals (multinomial model) or a smaller area sampled (Poisson model) and (ii) a larger number of individuals or a larger area sampled. For sample-based incidence (presence–absence) data, under a Bernoulli product model, we treat a single set of species incidence frequencies as the reference point to estimate richness for smaller and larger numbers of sampling units.Methods The first objective is a problem in interpolation that we address with classical rarefaction (multinomial model) and Coleman rarefaction (Poisson model) for individual-based data and with sample-based rarefaction (Bernoulli product model) for incidence frequencies. The second is a problem in extrapolation that we address with sampling-theoretic predictors for the number of species in a larger sample (multinomial model), a larger area (Poisson model) or a larger number of sampling units (Bernoulli product model), based on an estimate of asymptotic species richness. Although published methods exist for many of these objectives, we bring them together here with some new estimators under a unified statistical and notational framework. This novel integration of mathematically distinct approaches allowed us to link interpolated (rarefaction) curves and extrapolated curves to plot a unified species accumulation curve for empirical examples. We provide new, unconditional variance estimators for classical, individual-based rarefaction and for Coleman rarefaction, long missing from the toolkit of biodiversity measurement. We illustrate these methods with datasets for tropical beetles, tropical trees and tropical ants.Important findings Surprisingly, for all datasets we examined, the interpolation (rarefaction) curve and the extrapolation curve meet smoothly at the reference sample, yielding a single curve. Moreover, curves representing 95% confidence intervals for interpolated and extrapolated richness estimates also meet smoothly, allowing rigorous statistical comparison of samples not only for rarefaction but also for extrapolated richness values. The confidence intervals widen as the extrapolation moves further beyond the reference sample, but the method gives reasonable results for extrapolations up to about double or triple the original abundance or area of the reference sample. We found that the multinomial and Poisson models produced indistinguishable results, in units of estimated species, for all estimators and datasets. For sample-based abundance data, which allows the comparison of all three models, the Bernoulli product model generally yields lower richness estimates for rarefied data than either the multinomial or the Poisson models because of the ubiquity of non-random spatial distributions in nature.     

Phylogenetic placement of Yunnanopilia (Opiliaceae) inferred from molecular and morphological data

Yunnanopilia longistaminea (W.Z. Li) C.Y. Wu & D.Z. Li, which is a controversial species in Opiliaceae, is treated as a variety of Champereia manillana (Blume) Merrill in the Flora of China and morphological analysis has produced conflicting results regarding its affinity to Melientha and Champereia. To determine the systematic position of Yunnanopilia in Opiliaceae, we selected two nuclear regions (internal transcribed spacer [ITS4‐ITS5] and 18S rDNA) and four chloroplast regions (rbcL, matK, psbA‐trnH, and trnS‐trnG) to test the phylogenetics of the family Opiliaceae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analysis. Morphological characteristics were also examined to clarify the similarities and differences among Y. longistaminea and two closely related species. Agonandra was located at the basal position in the family Opiliaceae; in the large clade including other remaining genera, two main clades were clearly identified and correlated with inflorescence morphological characteristics. All samples of Y. longistaminea formed a clade. Yunnanopilia, Melientha, and Champereia were more closely related than other genera of Opiliaceae. Yunnanopilia longistaminea was sister to M. suavis Pierre and was more closely related to M. suavis than to C. manillana. Morphological analysis also showed that differences in the inflorescences and flowers between Y. longistaminea and M. suavis were substantial enough to warrant the retention of Y. longistaminea in its current genus. Thus, we suggest that the monotypic Yunnanopilia be treated as a distinct genus and that the name Y. longistaminea should be adopted.     

Effect of neighbour visibility on nest attendance patterns of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica in loose colonies

To assess the benefits of nesting at a site hidden from neighbours in a loosely colonial species, the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, we carried out two field experiments, obstruction removal and mirror placement, both replicating a situation in which a nest is made visible from another nest. Under manipulated conditions in both experiments, females increased the length of time they stayed at their nests during the egg‐laying and late incubation stages, while males extended their duration of stay during the egg‐laying and early nestling stages in mirror placement experiments only. The results suggest that Barn Swallows conceal their nests to reduce fitness costs imposed by neighbours nesting in view and that hiding the nest can reduce the amount of time spent guarding the nest during certain stages of the breeding period.     

室内观赏植物耐摆性及更换周期调查分析——以湖南长沙地区为例

依据室内观赏植物耐摆性的评价体系,调查分析湖南长沙地区近百种室内观赏植物的耐摆性,初步确定其中55种观赏植物的更换周期。     

Comparing Accuracy of Wrist Intra-articular Needle Placement Via Ulnocarpal Approach by Training Level: A Cadaveric Study

BackgroundIntra-articular injections are a standard therapy and diagnostic tool for a variety of wrist conditions. Accurate needle placement is crucial for proper therapeutic benefit and prevention of complications. While some studies claim accurate needle placement requires imaging, others conclude that anatomical guidance is sufficient. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of intra-articular wrist needle placement with the ulnocarpal approach across differing levels of training using clinical anatomy alone.MethodsFourteen fresh-frozen, above-elbow cadaveric specimens were used. Intra-articular needle placement into the wrist via an ulnocarpal approach was attempted by nine study participants: two interns, two junior-level residents, two senior-level residents, two hand fellows, and one attending hand surgeon. Each injection was performed based on clinical examination and landmarks alone. The number of attempts and total time taken for each injection was recorded.ResultsOverall success rate was 71%, (89 of 126 attempts) and did not vary significantly across levels of training. Average time for needle placement among all participants was 10.9 ± 6.5 seconds. Timing of successful intra-articular needle placement (10.4 ± 5.2 seconds) significantly differed between levels. However, timing did not trend in any direction with more or less training. No significant difference was noted in total attempts or attempts with successful outcomes when comparing level of training.ConclusionThe ulnocarpal approach is a viable option for injection or aspiration of the wrist without image guidance. We were unable to show any relevant trends with timing or number of attempts in comparison to level of training. Level of Evidence: V     

青海湖裸鲤体腔寄生蠕虫群落研究

青海湖裸鲤体腔为三种寄生蠕虫寄生,即裂头绦虫裂头蚴,舌状绦虫裂头蚴和对盲囊缄虫的三期幼虫,这几种蠕虫不同大小的青海湖裸鲤中数量差异很大,将其看作一个组分群落,并根据其发生数量进行模糊聚类和极点排序,结果将其分为二个亚组分群落,即体长小于１５０ｍｍ的青海湖裸鲤体腔蠕虫亚组分群落和体长大于１５０ｍｍ的个体的体腔蠕虫亚组分群落。这与宿主的行为和食性改变有密切关系,舌状绦虫与另两种蠕虫间有显著负协调关系。