两种不同保护剂冻干的仔猪副伤寒活疫苗质量比较

【目的】系统比较两种不同保护剂冻干的仔猪副伤寒活疫苗(耐热苗和常规苗)质量指标,为科学评价两种疫苗质量提供参考。【方法】制备耐热苗和常规苗各3批,分别进行物理性状、纯粹性、活菌计数、安全性、剩余水分、真空度和保存期等参数测定和比较,同时比较冻干前后的活菌存活率及耐老化性能。任选耐热苗与常规苗1批,按3×109 CFU分别口服与肌肉注射仔猪各5头,设相同条件下不免疫对照5头,30 d后静脉注射致死量猪霍乱沙门氏菌,临床观察30 d后评估疫苗的效力。【结果】耐热苗及常规苗的物理性状、纯粹性、活菌计数、安全性、剩余水分、真空度均符合现行《中国兽药典》的要求。3批耐热苗冻干菌存活率分别为88.2%、83.1%和86.4%,耐老化试验后的活菌存活率为83.6%、82.9%和88.8%;然而3批常规苗冻干菌存活率分别为52.3%、56.2%和61.4%,耐老化活菌存活率分别为58.5%、60.2%和54.7%。经37°C、7 d耐老化试验结果显示,耐热苗物理性状良好,而常规苗原有团块表面凹陷1/4-1/2。保存期结果表明耐热苗4°C有效期可达24个月,常规苗仅为9个月。仔猪免疫攻毒结果表明,耐热苗肌肉注射及口服免疫均达100%(5/5)保护;常规苗肌肉注射达80%(4/5)保护,口服达100%(5/5)保护,不免疫对照0保护(5/5死亡)。【结论】耐热苗具有较高的冻干菌存活率和良好的耐老化性能,4°C可长期保存且不影响其免疫效力。     

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant M2e.Hsp70c（Hsp70359–610） fusion protein against influenza virus infection in mice

New strategies in vaccine development are urgently needed to combat emerging influenza viruses and to reduce the risk of pandemic disease surfacing. Being conserved, the M2 e protein, is a potential candidate for universal vaccine development against influenza A viruses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70（mHsp70） is known to cultivate the function of immunogenic antigen-presenting cells, stimulate a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte（CTL） response, and stop the induction of tolerance. Thus, in this study, a recombinant protein from the extracellular domain of influenza A virus matrix protein 2（M2e）, was fused to the C-terminus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70（Hsp70c）, to generate a vaccine candidate. Humoral immune responses, IFN-γ-producing lymphocyte, and strong CTL activity were all induced to confirm the immunogenicity of M2 e.Hsp70c（Hsp70359–610）. And challenge tests showed protection against H1N1 and H9N2 strains in vaccinated groups. Finally these results demonstrates M2 e.Hsp70c fusion protein can be a candidate for a universal influenza A vaccine.     

抗日本血吸虫pVAX1／SjHGPRT·SDISP多价疫苗的构建方法探讨

目的：探讨抗日本血吸虫生殖产卵编码基因多价疫苗pVAX1／SjHGPRT·SDISP的构建方法并从基因与蛋白水平验证该构建方法是否成功。方法：分别以pcDNA3．0／SjHGPRT、pcDNA3．0／SjSDISP为模板,设计引物扩增SjHGPRT、sjSDISP,采用overlap方法扩增全长SjHGPRT·SDISP。将纯化后的产物sjHGPRT·SDISP以及pVaxl质粒采用KpnI和XbaI双酶切,1％低熔点胶回收目的DNA片段以及酶切后Pvaxl载体片段双胶连。连接产物转化至DH5a细胞。挑选阳性克隆采用双酶切以及测序方法从基因水平鉴定是否构建成功。将构建产物免疫观察动物,采用免疫组化方法从蛋白水平鉴定疫苗pVAX1／SjHGPRT·SDISP是否构建成功。结果：酶切方法以及测序结果均显示重组质粒的插入序列分别与目的基因完全一致,昆明小鼠肌肉组织酶免疫组织化学染色显示免疫组小鼠肌细胞中呈现较强的棕黄色颗粒,而阴性对照组肌细胞呈阴性。结论：真核重组质粒pVAX1／SjHG—PRT·SDISP构建成功,且在昆明鼠肌肉细胞内能够获得良好的表达。     

Characterisation of the immune response to the UK human anthrax vaccine

The UK human anthrax vaccine consists of the alum-precipitated culture supernatant of Bacillus anthracis Sterne. In addition to protective antigen (PA), the key immunogen, the vaccine also contains a number of other bacteria- and media-derived proteins. These proteins may contribute to the transient side effects experienced by some individuals and could influence the development of the PA-specific immune response. Bacterial cell-wall components have been shown to be potent immunomodulators. B. anthracis expresses two S-layer proteins, EA1 and Sap, which have been demonstrated to be immunogenic in animal studies. These are also immunogenic in man so that convalescent and post-immunisation sera contain specific antibodies to Ea1, and to a lesser extent, to Sap. To determine if these proteins are capable of modifying the protective immune response to PA, A/J mice were immunised with equivalent amounts of recombinant PA and S-layer proteins in the presence of alhydrogel. IgG isotype profiles were determined and the animals were subsequently challenged with spores of B. anthracis STI. The results suggest that there was no significant shift in IgG isotype profile and that the presence of the S-layer proteins did not adversely affect the protective immune response induced by PA.     

The development of HIV vaccines targeting gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER): challenges and prospects

A human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine which is able to effectively prevent infection would be the most powerful method of extinguishing pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Yet, achieving such vaccine remains great challenges. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp41 subunit near the viral envelope surface, and it plays a key role in membrane fusion. It is also the target of some reported broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Thus, MPER is deemed to be one of the most attractive vaccine targets. However, no one can induce these bNAbs by immunization with immunogens containing the MPER sequence(s). The few attempts at developing a vaccine have only resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibodies with quite low potency and limited breadth. Thus far, vaccine failure can be attributed to various characteristics of MPER, such as those involving structure and immunology; therefore, we will focus on these and review the recent progress in the field from the following perspectives: (1) MPER structure and its role in membrane fusion, (2) the epitopes and neutralization mechanisms of MPER-specific bNAbs, as well as the limitations in eliciting neutralizing antibodies, and (3) different strategies for MPER vaccine design and current harvests.     

Plant‐produced Zika virus envelope protein elicits neutralizing immune responses that correlate with protective immunity against Zika virus in mice

The global Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and its link to foetal and newborn microcephaly and severe neurological complications in adults call for the urgent development of ZIKV vaccines. In response, we developed a subunit vaccine based on the ZIKV envelope (E) protein and investigated its immunogenicity in mice. Transient expression of ZIKV E (zE) resulted in its rapid accumulation in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Biochemical analysis revealed that plant‐produced ZIKV E (PzE) exhibited specific binding to a panel of monoclonal antibodies that recognize various zE conformational epitopes. Furthermore, PzE can be purified to >90% homogeneity with a one‐step Ni²⁺ affinity chromatography process. PzE are found to be highly immunogenic, as two doses of PzE elicited both potent zE‐specific antibody and cellular immune responses in mice. The delivery of PzE with alum induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, as the antigen‐specific IgG isotypes were a mixture of high levels of IgG1/IgG2c and splenocyte cultures from immunized mice secreted significant levels of IFN‐gamma, IL‐4 and IL‐6. Most importantly, the titres of zE‐specific and neutralizing antibodies exceeded the threshold that correlates with protective immunity against multiple strains of ZIKV. Thus, our results demonstrated the feasibility of plant‐produced ZIKV protein antigen as effective, safe and affordable vaccines against ZIKV.     

T and B cell Epitope analysis of SARS-CoV-2 S protein based on immunoinformatics and experimental research

COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is pandemic with a severe morbidity and mortality rate across the world. Despite the race for effective vaccine and drug against further expansion and fatality rate of this novel coronavirus, there is still lack of effective antiviral therapy. To this effect, we deemed it necessary to identify potential B and T cell epitopes from the envelope S protein. This can be used as potential targets to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine preparations. In this study, we used immunoinformatics to identify conservative B and T cell epitopes for S proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which might play roles in the initiation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We identified the B cell and T cell peptide epitopes of S protein and their antigenicity, as well as the interaction between the peptide epitopes and human leucocyte antigen (HLA). Among the B cell epitopes, ‘EILDITPCSFGGVS’ has the highest score of antigenicity and great immunogenicity. In T cell epitopes, MHC-I peptide ‘KIADYNYKL’ and MHC-II peptide ‘LEILDITPC’ were identified as high antigens. Besides, docking analysis showed that the predicted peptide ‘KIADYNYKL’ was closely bound to the HLA-A*0201. The results of molecular dynamics simulation through GROMACS software showed that ‘HLA-A*0201~peptide’ complex was very stable. And the peptide we selected could induce the T cell response similar to that of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the predicted peptides were highly conserved in different isolates from different countries. The antigenic epitopes presumed in this study were effective new vaccine targets to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.     

地鼠肾细胞狂犬病纯化疫苗临床研究观察

了解地鼠肾细胞狂犬病纯化疫苗接种安全性及有效性。分别以 1.0ml及 0 .5ml的剂量 ,按暴露后及暴露前免疫程序给 313人接种 ,用小鼠中和试验法检测血清中和抗体效价。结果显示 :临床副反应轻微 ,副反应率为0 .89%～ 15 % ;免疫全量疫苗和半量疫苗的人群均获保护力 ,抗体阳转率为 10 0 % ,免后抗体GMT滴度分别为35 .2IU/ml(n =32 )和 31.4IU/ml(n =37) ,经检验两组无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;免疫全量疫苗和半量疫苗两组的免疫前、后相比 ,经检验有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,表明疫苗安全有效     

双表达狂犬病毒基因的非复制型痘苗病毒改建及免疫效果

为减少重组病毒非必需外源基因,进一步提高非复制重组痘苗病毒狂犬病疫苗的安全性,本研究改建不含报道基因LacZ的双表达狂犬病毒Ag株G、N的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRG△CKRN.采用G418-neo富集、蓝白斑及免疫蚀斑筛选等方法,以表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白(RG)基因的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRG△CKlacZ作为亲本株,利用同源重组原理,删除C与K片断间lacZ,并将狂犬病毒核蛋白(RN)基因插入C-K片段间.经核酸及蛋白水平检测表明VTKRG△CKRN能同时稳定有效地表达狂犬病毒G和N,并具有非复制病毒生长特性.重组病毒裸鼠毒力实验表明VTKRG△CKRN较复制型重组痘苗病毒VTKRG病毒毒力显著减弱.VTKRG△CKRN免疫小鼠可诱生较高有效中和抗体,并能保护小鼠免于致死剂量狂犬病毒攻击.以1.6×106PFU较低免疫剂量、仅一次免疫狗可保护狗经致死量中国狂犬病毒街毒株SBD株攻击后存活,诱生具有保护性中和抗体.非复制狂犬-痘苗重组病毒VTKRG△CKRN免疫效果好、更具安全性.     

Ii-Key/HER-2/<Emphasis Type="Italic">neu</Emphasis> MHC class-II antigenic epitope vaccine peptide for breast cancer

Purpose Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)- and T-helper cell-specific, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I and class-II peptides, respectively, of the HER-2/neu protein, induce immune responses in patients. A major challenge in developing cancer peptide vaccines is breaking tolerance to tumor-associated antigens which are functionally self-proteins. An adequate CD4+ T-helper response is required for effective and lasting responses.Methods Stimulating anti-cancer CD4+ T cell responses by MHC class-II epitope peptides has been limited by their weak potency, at least compared with tight-binding MHC class-I epitope peptides. Previously, a potent T-cell response to a MHC class-II epitope was engineered by coupling the N-terminus of the pigeon cytochrome C [PGCC(95–104)] MHC class-II epitope to the C-terminus of an immunoregulatory segment of the Ii protein (hIi77–81, the Ii-Key peptide) through a polymethylene spacer.Results In vitro presentation of the MHC class-II epitope to a T hybridoma was enhanced greatly (>250 times). Now, an Ii-Key/HER-2/neu (777–789) MHC class-II epitope hybrid peptide stimulated lymphocytes from both a healthy donor and a patient with metastatic breast carcinoma. The in vitro primary stimulation with the hybrid peptide strongly activated IFN- release, whereas the epitope-only peptide was weakly active. In fact, the hybrid stimulated IFN- release as well as the wild-type peptide when augmented with IL-12; however, the hybrid was comparable to free peptide in stimulating IL-4 release. This pattern is consistent with preferential activation along a non-tolerogenic Th1 pathway.Conclusion Such Ii-Key/MHC class-II epitope hybrid peptides have both diagnostic and therapeutic applications.