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31.
R. K. Jansson G. L. Leibee C. A. Sanchez S. H. Lecrone 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1991,61(1):7-16
The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage. 相似文献
32.
Effects of temperature on the activity of flucycloxuron on larval stages of Panonychus ulmi (Koch), based on LC50 values, were highly significant (P < 0.001) with temperature coefficients of-1.7 in both the ranges of 15° to 25°C and 20° to 30°C. The slopes of probit regression lines at 15° and 20°C were significantly steeper than those at 25° and 30°C. As a consequence the temperature coefficients based on LC90 values were-4.4 and-2.2, for the 2 temperature ranges. The ovicidal activity of flucycloxuron on P. ulmi was low and was only statistically detectable at 20°C (LC90 of 84 mg a.i./l). In studies with larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Spodeptera exigua (Hübner) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) probit regression lines were parallel over temperature. The activity of flucycloxuron on these five insect species was not affected by temperature. Based on LC50 values, diflubenzuron showed positive temperature coefficients on P. xylostella of + 2.1 at 15° to 25°C and + 2.5 at 20° to 30°C. For S. littoralis the temperature coefficient was positive (+ 2.4) at 15° to 25°C but negative (-1.9) at the 20° to 30°C range. Temperature coefficients of diflubenzuron were neutral for A. aegypti, L. decemlineata and S. exigua. In the design and analysis of these studies special allowance was made for date effects and variation in natural mortality over temperature. 相似文献
33.
An arctic river was fertilized continuously through the ice-free season with phosphoric acid beginning in 1983. The epilithic
diatom community increased in biomass in the first two years in response to the added limiting nutrient (Peterson et al., 1983). The diatom community switched from one dominated by Hannea arcus to one dominated by species of Achnanthes and Cymbella. The immediate responses to the P-addition were decreases in both
the Shannon diversity and evenness indices. By the second year, the community diversity increased downriver reaching maximal
species richness (110–127 spp). In 1985–1987, the epilithic algal biomass decreased an order of magnitude with both whole-river
PO4 (1985, 1987) and PO4 + NH4 addition (1986). In the 5th summer of fertilization, the reduction in biomass was clearly caused by a numerical increase
of grazing, refugia-building chironomids (Orthocladiinae, primarily) (Gibeau, 1991; Gibeau, Miller, Hershey, in prep.). We
assume the algal biomass reduction in the 3rd and 4th years was similarly caused by grazers with a two year time lag in the
numerical response of these monovoltine species. The evenness of the community increased in 1986 as if it might have been
grazed; however the number of immigrants was reduced. The community became dominated by Eunotia, Cymbella and Achnanthes,
species either fast growing or more prostrate, as the erect species of Hannea Diatoma, and Fragillaria declined. A detrended
correspondence analysis of the temporal and spatial diatom samples in species space (186 spp.) showed that the largest variation
in the community was between years and less variation was associated with river fertilization.
Samples from bioassay tubes run by Peterson et al. (1983) in the Kuparuk River showed P and N + P limitation as found in the river in 1983–84. Like the river samples, the
largest change in the diatom community occurred between 15 and 25 day samples, more than that induced by fertilization. Diatoms
sampled from all treatments taken at day 25 were more similar to one another than those sampled at day 15. Diatoms colonizing
glass slides used in the bioassay tubes were dominated by Achnanthes linearis and Cymbella minuta. Of the 84 species found in bioassays, 26 species were present in all river samples for 4 years. Differences in the communities
discriminated by multivariate methods were cause by changes in rare species and abundance patterns of common species. 相似文献
34.
Three primary parasitoids in three genera were reared fromPlutella xylostella (L.) larvae and pupae collected in various crucifer producing regions of Honduras. The ichneumonidDiadegma insulare (Cresson) was by far the most abundant species. TwoSpilochalcis species, facultative hyperparasitoids attackingP. xylostella andD. insulare, were encountered as well as eleven species in nine genera of obligate hyperparasitoids attackingD. insulare. Three vespid predators are noted as predating on larvae.
相似文献
35.
Yeong-Biau Yu Shang Fa Yang Joseph Corse Judy A. Kuhnle Sui-Sheng Hua 《Phytochemistry》1981,20(6):1191-1195
Twenty-five naturally occurring cytokinins and structurally related compounds were tested for their ability to promote ethylene production synergistica 相似文献
36.
Arginine vasopressin stimulates Na+-K+-ATPase activity located in the rat thick ascending limb of s'Henle loop. Mammalian hypothalamus appears to produce a factor capable of inhibiting Na+-K+-ATPase activity in a variety of tissues. The effect of a purified rat hypothalamic extract with and without AVP on rat renal Na+-K+-ATPase activity was evaluated by a cytochemical technique. The hypothalamic extract alone failed to affect basal Na+-K+-ATPase activity throughout renal segments after 10 min exposure. Na+-K+-ATPase activity stimulated by AVP (1–10 fmol l?1) for 10 min was inhibited by rat hypothalamic extract over the concentration range 10?7–10?3 U ml?1 in a dose-dependent manner. Complete inhibition of AVP-stimulated Na+-K+-ATPase activity occurred at a hypothalamic extract concentration of 10?3 U ml?1. Only Na+-K+-ATPase activity located in the renal medullary thick ascending limb was influenced by the rat hypothalamic extract. 相似文献
37.
Test materials were incorporated in wheatflour pellets to measure their effect on slug feeding. The dry weights of individual pellets were measured before and after exposure for 24 h to starved slugs. The method gave consistent results, and can accommodate test materials with different physical properties. The phagostimulant effect of sucrose was confirmed. An extract of the herb tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) was the most effective antifeedant of the materials used at the concentrations tested. The method is compared with other published techniques. 相似文献
38.
Masahide Nonaka 《Phytochemistry》1985,25(1):73-75
Eight saponins were isolated from alfalfa roots (Medicago sativa). The sensitivity of Trichoderma viride to the saponin varied with the individual saponin isolate. Seven isolates appeared to contain the aglycone, medicagenic acid, and while the other did not, it inhibited the growth of the fungus at higher concentrations than the other isolates. One pair and a triplet of saponins with divergent Rfs evoked near identical biological responses suggesting structural similarity toxic to T. viride. 相似文献
39.
Erzsbet Szab‐Brdos Petra Kulcsr Nra Kovts Zsfia Bkssy Bettina Eck‐Varanka Ott Horvth 《Luminescence》2020,35(3):434-436
The antibacterial properties of self‐cleaning coatings are based on bactericide nanoparticles (NPs). Ecotoxicity of these NPs have been assessed mostly in suspension, using standard bioassays. Here a protocol is proposed to test actual coating samples, using the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay. The protocol was designed to test bactericide properties of specially coated PVC floors being used in hospital environments under quasinatural conditions, such as prolonged exposure or room temperature. To take into consideration that the light output of the bacteria under prolonged exposure naturally changes, a correction factor is proposed. 相似文献
40.
Syed Husne Mobarak Anamika Koner Saubhik Mitra Paroma Mitra Anandamay Barik 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2020,144(7):616-631
Green gram, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, is an important pulse crop of Asia. Severe attack by the larvae of Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) causes defoliation of green gram and reduces seed yield. Females lay eggs on the leaf surface, and therefore, surface wax plays an important role as short-range attractant and oviposition stimulant. So, we have attempted to find out whether leaf surface wax compounds (alkanes and free fatty acids) from three green gram cultivars (PDM 54, PUSA BAISAKHI and SAMRAT) could act as short-range attractant and oviposition stimulant in females. The TLC, GC-MS and GC-FID analyses of n-hexane extracts revealed 20 n-alkanes from n-C15 to n-C36 and 13 free fatty acids from C12:0 to C21:0, whilst linoleic acid was unique in SAMRAT. Pentacosane was the predominant amongst n-alkanes in the leaf surface waxes of three cultivars. Heneicosanoic acid and palmitoleic acid were the predominant free fatty acids in the leaf surface waxes of PDM 54, and PUSA BAISAKHI and SAMRAT, respectively. Females were attracted towards one leaf equivalent surface wax of three green gram cultivars against solvent controls (n-hexane) in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. A synthetic blend of pentacosane, heptacosane, nonacosane, hexatriacontane, palmitoleic acid, linolenic acid and stearic acid, a synthetic blend of pentacosane, hexatriacontane and stearic acid, and a synthetic blend of hexatriacontane, linolenic acid and stearic acid resembling in amounts present in one leaf equivalent surface wax of PDM 54, PUSA BAISAKHI and SAMRAT, respectively, served as short-range attractant and oviposition stimulant in females. Females showed equal preference for egg laying towards the above three synthetic blends when these blends were tested against each other, and hence, these blends could be employed in development of baited traps in pest management strategies. 相似文献