钴60诱变选育平菇新菌株的研究

【目的】利用~(60)Co-γ射线诱变平菇原生质体创制平菇新种质。【方法】通过3个剂量的~(60)Co-γ射线辐照处理平菇原生质体悬浮液,统计不同剂量的致死率,利用拮抗试验、SSR分子标记筛选突变菌株,通过出菇试验筛选优良的平菇新菌株。【结果】平菇原生质体在0.9 KGy的诱变处理下致死率为0%,在1.2KGy的诱变处理下菌株致死率63.33%,在1.5KGy的诱变处理下菌株致死率为76.67%。经拮抗试验和SSR分子标记筛选,获得了8株突变菌株,出菇试验结果表明7个突变菌株产量和生物学效率均有不同程度的降低,菌盖颜色也略有变化,其中突变菌株1.5-P4的产量较对照降低了41.92%;而突变菌株1.2-P1为高产菌株,其产量达437.95±12.22 g/袋,较对照菌株提高了9.76%,生物学效率较CK提高了10.38%。【结论】利用~(60)Co-γ射线诱变育种技术得到了1个性状较为优良的平菇新菌株,这为其他食药用菌诱变育种研究提供了参考。     

低温胁迫诱导肺形侧耳合成麦角甾醇的通路分析

本文以肺形侧耳栽培菌株X57为研究对象,对其低温胁迫时期进行转录组分析,发现差异基因显著地富集到麦角甾醇合成通路。根据麦角甾醇合成通路的相关信息,在肺形侧耳中筛选出该通路的17个基因,并推测了肺形侧耳的麦角甾醇合成通路。利用荧光定量研究了X57栽培袋在低温处理下该通路上各个基因的表达,结果显示随着低温胁迫时间的增加,该通路上大部分基因的表达量持续上升,且差异显著。检测栽培袋中菌丝麦角甾醇含量发现,低温胁迫显著提高麦角甾醇的含量,与RNA‐Seq分析结果一致。此外,以无需打冷也能整齐出菇的野生菌株X1为对照,比较X57与X1的麦角甾醇基因对冷胁迫的响应情况,探究麦角甾醇合成通路是否在肺形侧耳低温诱导形成原基时期具有关键性作用。将X57与X1菌株置于PDA平板上培养并进行低温胁迫,利用荧光定量PCR对各个基因表达进行验证,结果显示两个菌株的麦角甾醇合成通路相关基因均对低温胁迫有响应,X57低温胁迫时通路中绝大多数基因的表达量上升,且大部分基因表达量提高2倍以上;X1菌株的通路中的表达量变化较小。由此推测麦角甾醇通路在肺形侧耳变温结实中低温刺激形成原基有一定作用,为深入研究肺形侧耳低温胁迫调控分子机理提供了重要的基础。     

杏鲍菇菌种遗传多态性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR(Inter-simple Sequence Repeat)分子标记技术并应用NTSYSpc 2.10e生物软件对20株杏鲍菇菌种进行遗传聚类分析。结果表明,从22条引物中筛选出11条扩增条带清晰、多态性好的ISSR引物,共获得74个ISSR标记位点,51个多态性位点,多态比率为68.92%,产物片段大小在100~5 000 bp之间。聚类分析发现,遗传相似系数在0.828时,20株杏鲍菇菌种分为4个类群,当遗传相似系数达到0.896时,分为12个类群,杏528寿与其他菌种的亲缘系数最远,具有独立的遗传体系。     

平菇菌粗多糖的抗氧化活性研究

采用深层发酵技术生产平菇粗多糖,时其清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基的能力、铁离子螯合能力以及还原力进行了比较分析。结果表明：菌丝体粗多糖和发酵液粗多糖均具有较强的抗氧化能力,但2种多糖的抗氧化能力存在差异;茵丝体粗多糖清除DPPH自由基的能力较强,其EC。。值为2．20mg／mL;发酵液粗多糖清除羟自由基的能力、铁离子螯合能力以及还原力较强,其EC50值分别为0．72mg／mL、3．32mg／mL和7．91mg／mL。在一定的浓度范围内,多糖的浓度增加,其抗氧化能力也随之增强,呈量效依赖关系。     

The mannitol cycle in Pleurotus ostreatus (Florida)

In mushroom, presence of the mannitol cycle has not been reported so far although the polyol is supposed to be generated by the reduction of fructose by mannitol dehydrogenase. This study submits evidence for the presence of the mannitol cycle in Pleurotus ostreatus. The key enzyme of the cycle, mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (M1PDH), was present appreciably in all the developmental stages of the mushroom. However, the enzyme level dropped significantly at the onset of sporulation. The presence of M1DPH was confirmed by isozyme analysis and RT-PCR mediated amplification of a approximately 400 bp DNA fragment.     

Biodegradation Kinetics of Naphthalene in Soil Medium Using Pleurotus Ostreatus in Batch Mode with Addition of Fibrous Biomass as a Nutrient

The efficiency and kinetics of naphthalene biodegradation in a soil medium using Pleurotus ostreatus (a type of white rot fungus) in batch mode with and without the addition of oil palm fiber (OPF) as a nutrient are evaluated in this study. Three batches are considered in the biodegradation study: (i) control—spiked soil; (ii) spiked soil with fungus; and (iii) spiked soil with both fungus and OPF. Biodegradation is conducted over a period of 22 days for which soil naphthalene concentrations are determined with respect to microwave extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The results indicate that inoculation with Pleurotus ostreatus significantly enhances soil naphthalene biodegradation to 84%, which is further enhanced upon the addition of OPF to 98% with respect to the degradation rate. The high carbon content in OPF (>40%) affords it the capacity to be a viable nutrient supplement for Pleurotus ostreatus, thereby enhancing the potential of Pleurotus ostreatus in the biodegradation of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and indicating the potential of OPF as a nutrient for PAH biodegradation. A relationship between OPF mass and the biodegradation rate constant has been determined to be linear according to the following equation: k = 0.0429 × OPF + 0.1291.     

Consequence of the antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of various extracts from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ferulae

This study was initiated to screen the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibitory effects on the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ferulae extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water. The antioxidant activities were performed on β-carotene–linoleic acid, reducing power, DPPH, ferrous ions chelating abilities, and xanthine oxidase. In addition to this, phenolic compounds were also analyzed. The methanolic extract showed the strongest β-carotene–linoleic acid inhibition and high reducing power as compared to other extracts. The scavenging effects on DPPH radicals, the acetonic and methanolic extracts were more effective than hot water extracts. The strongest chelating effect was obtained from the methanolic extract as compared to the tested synthetic antioxidant. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, naringin, resveratrol, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin and biochanin-A were detected from acetonitrile and hydrochloric acid (5:1) solvent extract. Xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of acetonic, methanolic, and hot water extracts of P. ferulae increased with increasing concentration. The results suggested that consumption of P. ferulae might be beneficial to the antioxidant, xanthine oxidase, and tyrosinase protection system of the human body against oxidative damage and others complications.     

Cryopreservation at −20 and −70 °C of Pleurotus ostreatus on Grains

Alternative substrates for cryopreservation at −20 °C have been little explored for basidiomycetes and could bring new possibilities of lower cost cryopreservation. Nevertheless, freezing temperatures between −15 and −60 °C are very challenging because they frequently result in cryoinjuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate substrates associated to cryoprotective agents for Pleurotus ostreatus cryopreservation at −20 or −70 °C in order to develop alternative techniques for basidiomycete cryopreservation. P. ostreatus was grown on potato dextrose agar or whole grains of oat, wheat, rice or millet and transferred to cryovials with cryoprotective solution with 1 % dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 % glycerol, 10 % saccharose, 4 % glucose, 6 % polyethylene glycol-6000 or 5 % malt extract. The mycelium in the cryovials were cryopreserved at −20 or −70 °C and recovered for evaluation of the mycelial growth viability after 1 and 3 years. Both substrates and cryoprotectants affect the viability of the mycelial growth cryopreserved at −20 or −70 °C; wheat grains combined with cryoprotectants such as saccharose or glucose are effective for keeping mycelium viable after cryopreservation at −20 °C for 1 or 3 years; for cryopreservation at −70 °C after 1 or 3 years, any substrate combined with any cryoprotectant is effective for preserving the mycelium viable, except for millet grains with polyethylene glycol after 3 years; semi-permeable cryoprotective agents such as saccharose and glucose are the most effective for cryopreservation at −20 or −70 °C for at least 3 years.     

刺芹侧耳芳基醇氧化酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

分离纯化刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii芳基醇氧化酶,并探究其酶学性质。通过硫酸铵盐沉、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow弱阴离子交换层析、Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution凝胶过滤层析和Source 15Q强阴离子交换层析,得到纯化的单一酶。经肽指纹图谱鉴定,确定其为芳基醇氧化酶,酶活回收率25.5%,纯化倍数38.2。结合SDS-PAGE和IEF-PAGE分析,确定其分子量和等电点分别为70kDa和4.2。以藜芦醇为底物,该酶最适反应pH为6.0,最适反应温度为70℃,金属离子Zn²⁺、Fe²⁺和Cu²⁺对芳基醇氧化酶的活性抑制作用明显,K_m和V_max分别为0.921mmol/L和80U/mg。