南亚热带10种造林树种的水力结构和水力安全

南亚热带地区人工纯林面积大, 但是结构简单, 对气候变化响应敏感。在区域气候干旱化的背景下, 造林树种的生理生态策略及其对季节性干旱的响应亟待研究。该研究选择南亚热带地区10种造林树种(包括6种乡土种和4种外来种), 测定这些树种的平均生长速率、水力学性状以及经济学性状, 分析性状与生长速率之间的相关关系, 并比较水力安全边际和气孔安全边际的种间差异。结果发现: (1)造林树种的生长速率与木质部导水率显著正相关, 但与木材密度、比叶面积以及水力安全性指标无显著相关性。(2)造林树种的水分传导效率性和安全性之间没有权衡关系, 外来树种Acacia crassicarpa和Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla同时具有较高的木质部导水率和较强的抗栓塞能力。(3)造林树种的水力安全边际和气孔安全边际的种间差异显著, 大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)、壳菜果(Mytilaria laosensis)和阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)在干季发生水力失败的风险较高。建议南亚热带人工林的生态监测指标体系中应包括树木水力学性状, 进而为人工林的可持续经营管理提供重要参考。     

樟子松固沙林林水关系研究进展及对营林实践的指导

中国有着世界上最大面积的人工林, 如何维持人工林的可持续性已成为气候变化背景下需要面对的重大挑战。樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)以其抗旱、抗寒、耐贫瘠等优良特性成为中国北方生态治理中最主要的常绿针叶树种之一, 近70年来发挥了巨大的防风固沙与生态固碳功能。然而, 随着林分的生长与气候变化, 樟子松人工固沙林正经历着越来越严峻的环境胁迫, 部分地区出现了林分“早衰”或死亡的现象, 引起了人们对樟子松固沙林适应与应对气候变化能力的担忧。该文在回溯樟子松基本生物学特征与引种推广历史, 系统总结近年来樟子松林林水关系研究新成果的基础上, 全面分析了樟子松固沙林林水关系存在的主要矛盾, 并提出了基于林水关系相协调的林分经营措施的调整: 由倡导防护功能为主的单一目标向包含林分稳定性、生态固碳功能、可持续发展等多目标平衡方向调整; 由以沙地森林景观培育为主向以良好土壤生境培育为主的方向调整; 由倡导天然更新为主向以人工造林与天然更新相结合的世代更新方向调整。在立足于北方沙地脆弱生境与气候变化客观现实的基础背景下, 应坚持樟子松在固沙林生态系统演化过程中的先锋种与建群种地位, 基于“以水定绿”原则, 采取“隔行带伐+再造林”等方式开展林分密度动态调控, 促进林分向异龄林结构演化, 促进樟子松固沙林生态服务的优质化和生态固碳功能的最大化。     

广州闽楠-樟人工混交林物种组成与多样性研究

为了解人工混交林群落结构特征和物种多样性关系,对广州龙眼洞林场内闽楠(Phoebebournei)-樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工混交林进行群落结构分析。结果表明, 0.37 hm2样地内共有128种植物9 563株,隶属于57科99属;其中乔木35种,灌木61种,草本98种。在乔木层中,重要值排名前5的植物分别是山乌桕(Triadica cochinchinensis)(33.86%)、闽楠(17.24%)、樟(12.96%)、三桠苦(Melicopepteleifolia)(7.92%)和山苍子(Litseapungens)(3.70%);灌木层以茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物为主;草本层以禾本科(Poaceae)植物为主。乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为1.230、1.708和1.754,Simpson指数分别为0.635、0.680和0.707,表明该人工混交林下草本物种丰富。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)表明,不同样方的物种组成相似性并不一致,部分样方含有偶见种。群落的径级结构呈倒“J”型,其中11.64%为幼苗,苗木占比6....     

东方肉座菌EU7-22木聚糖酶和木糖苷酶基因克隆及生物信息学研究

东方肉座菌EU7-22具有高产半纤维素酶的能力。根据已报道的同属里氏木霉及绿色木霉木聚糖酶,木糖苷酶相关基因序列,设计PCR引物扩增出东方肉座菌内切木聚糖酶(XYNⅠ,XYNⅡ)及β-木糖苷酶(β-BXL)基因。序列经NCBIBlast分析:东方肉座菌xynⅠ基因与里氏木霉xyn1基因(X69573.1)的同源性最高达到91%;xynⅡ基因与绿色木霉xyn2基因(EF079061)同源性最高达到93%;β-bxl基因与里氏木霉β-bxl1基因(Z69257.1)的同源性最高达到94%。生物信息学分析表明内切木聚糖酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ均属于糖基水解酶家族11,N末端前19个氨基酸均为信号肽。内切木聚糖酶Ⅰ分子量为24.13kD,等电点为7.87,含有3个糖基化位点;内切木聚糖酶Ⅱ分子量为24.44kD,等电点为4.86,含有1个糖基化位点;β-木糖苷酶属于糖基水解酶家族3,分子量为87.27kD,等电点为5.49,N末端前20个氨基酸为信号肽,含有8个糖基化位点。利用SWISS-Model对木聚糖酶,木糖苷酶蛋白质三级结构进行了预测和模拟。对木聚糖酶和木糖苷酶基因及其编码蛋白质的生物信息学分析,为进一步研究这些基因的表达与调控、构建高效利用纤维素组份的工程菌株奠定基础。     

东方蝾螈原肠形成期瓶状细胞的结构及其对胚胎发育的影响

以１００只东方蝾螈早期胚胎为材料,用ＳＥＭ和ＴＥＭ对瓶状细胞形态结构和除去瓶状细胞的胚胎进行观察,去除瓶状细胞后,胚胎的原肠形成不会中断,外包和内卷仍能正常进行,并可以发育成幼螈,但有部分胚胎原肠前端缺失,长期培养的蝾螈胚对针刺激有反应,幼虫阶段中自由活动,我们的结论是：１）东方蝾螈原肠胚的瓶状细胞除了原肠前端存在外,还有部分瓶状细胞与原肠长轴垂直,从力学角度推断瓶状细胞在原肠形成过程中不起主要作     

Soil Organic Carbon and Water Retention after Conversion of Grasslands to Pine Plantations in the Ecuadorian Andes

Tree plantations in the high elevations of the tropics constitute a growing land use, but their effect on ecosystem processes and services is not well known. We examined changes in soil organic carbon (C) and water retention in a chronosequence of Pinus radiata stands planted in páramo grasslands in Cotopaxi province, Ecuador. Water retention at 10, 33, and 1,500 kPa declined with stand age, with soils in the oldest pine stands retaining 39%, 55%, and 63% less water than grassland soils at the three pressures tested. Soil organic C in the 0–10-cm depth also declined with stand age, from 5.0 kg m^–2 in grasslands to 3.5 kg m^–2 in 20–25-year-old pine stands (P < 0.001); at greater depth in the A horizon, C contents decreased from 2.8 to 1.2 kg m^–2 (P = 0.047). There were no significant differences among age classes in the AC and C horizons (P = 0.15 and P = 0.34, respectively), where little or no weathering of the primary material has occurred. Inputs of C may be affected by the significantly higher carbon–nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the litter under older pine stands (P = 0.005), whereas outputs are influenced by substrate quality as well as soil environmental factors. Soil ratios at the 0–10 cm depth were significantly higher in grasslands and young pine stands (P < 0.001), whereas carbon–phosphorous (C:P) ratios at 0–10-cm depth followed a similar but not significant trend. However, there was no significant difference in short-term decomposition rates (P = 0.60) when the soils were incubated under uniform temperature and moisture conditions. In páramo ecosystems, where high soil moisture plays an important role in retarding decomposition and driving high C storage, the loss of water retention after afforestation may be the dominant factor in C loss. These results suggest that soil C buildup and water retention respond rapidly to changes in biota and need to be assessed with regard to implications for C sequestration and watershed management.     

A typology of sloping and mountainous olive plantation systems to address natural resources management

Olive plantation systems occur in a wide variety throughout the Mediterranean, especially in sloping and mountainous areas. Recent drivers of change, including the widespread introduction of mechanisation, increased use of (chemical) inputs and (drip)irrigation have considerably added to this diversity. The various systems have very different resource use patterns and environmental and social performances. This article attempts to grasp these differences and to link systems characteristics to options for natural resources management in the spirit of contemporary agricultural policies that seek to promote a more sustainable agriculture. Cluster analysis was employed to classify 28 olive plantation systems distinguished by regional typologies developed for six study areas: Trás‐os‐Montes (Portugal), Córdoba and Granada/Jaén (both in Spain), Haffouz (Tunisia), Basilicata/Salerno (Italy) and West‐Crete (Greece). Six types of olive plantation systems resulted: (a) very extensive, (b) traditional extensive, (c) semi‐intensive low input, (d) semi‐intensive high input, (b) intensive and (e) organic. Natural resources management options to address soil erosion, low biodiversity, wildfire risk and excessive water use are explored for each of these systems. In the discussion, it becomes evident that an important quality for a typology lies in its capacity to differentiate likely future development pathways. If options are known, policy‐makers can make choices as to what the desired pathway is and what instruments to design to facilitate it.     

Composition and variability of essential oils of Platycladus orientalis growing in China

Essential oils were isolated from the leaves of Platycladus orientalis growing in 16 areas of China. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 98 volatile compounds were identified. Chemical variability in essential oil composition was evaluated using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The two analyses led to the identification of four chemotypes: α-pinene, α-pinene/3-carene, cedrol, and cedrol/terpinyl acetate. Geographically, the populations growing in close proximity had similar essential oil composition. The chemical variability could possibly be attributed to genetic and environmental factors.     

山西崦山自然保护区侧柏群落优势种群种间关系分析

在样方调查的基础上,采用方差比率法、Fisher精确检验、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了山西阳城崦山自然保护区侧柏群落优势种群的种间关系。结果表明：（1）群落优势种总体呈正关联,但关联性较弱,种的分布具有相对独立性。（2）Fisher精确检验与Jaccard指数结合使用可以取得较好的研究结果。（3）Jaccard指数结果表明在乔、灌、草各层中占据明显优势地位的种群其种间联结程度较大。（4）根据研究结果把侧柏群落的优势种群划分为3个生态种组：白皮松生态种组、侧柏生态种组和白莲蒿生态种组。     

The northern limit of Pinus banksiana Lamb. in Canada: explaining the difference between the eastern and western distributions

Aim Present northern distribution limit of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) follows the northern limit of continuous open boreal forest in western Canada, but not in eastern Canada where it is located further south. We tested the hypothesis that fire plays a more important role than climate in explaining the present position of the northern distribution limit of jack pine. Location An experimental jack pine plantation was set up in 1992, c. 300 km north of the present distribution limit of the species, in the Boniface river area of northern Québec (57°43′ N, 76°05′ W). Methods Climate and fire data were used to compare sites at and north of the present distribution limit of jack pine. In 2001, surviving individuals from the plantation were measured (total height, annual shoot elongation, basal diameter, and presence/absence of cones). Results Climate data from the ten weather stations used in this study did not show major differences. The northern limit of jack pine distribution is closely associated with the occurrence of fires larger than 200 ha. Survival of the planted jack pines was 31%. About 25% of the surviving pines qualified as normal, single‐stem individuals; the others were slightly uprooted and/or showed marks of erosion or foraging. Cones were produced, although no viable seeds were found. Main conclusions The low number of degree‐days above 5 °C at the plantation site could explain why the seeds were not viable. However, such climate conditions are not sufficient to prevent growth, as was shown by annual shoot elongation measurements. Most of the surviving jack pines from the Boniface river plantation are relatively healthy and follow a normal developmental programme. Low fire frequency and small fire size are amongst the main factors that prevented P. banksiana from migrating further north or east following deglaciation in northern Québec and Labrador.