浙西南毛竹林覆盖对土壤渗透性及生物特征的影响

对浙西南山区4种不同覆盖年限下毛竹林地的土壤入渗、土壤理化性质、土壤根系和土壤动物特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同覆盖年限林地及同一林地不同土壤层次下土壤渗透性能存在较大差异,随着土层加深各林地土壤渗透性能均降低.渗透性能表现为覆盖1次林地＞未覆盖林地＞覆盖2次和3次后的林地.Kostiakov模型适合该研究区域的土壤水分入渗过程模拟.随着林地覆盖年限的增加(4～6年),林地土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值显著降低,而土壤容重、有机质和全N含量则显著提高.土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量等均随根长密度减少而变小,土壤入渗能力的变化与直径0.5～5.0 mm的根长密度有关.不同覆盖年限毛竹林地土壤动物的平均密度差异显著,覆盖1次的林地最高,而覆盖3次的林地最低.综合纲、唇足纲、倍足纲、膜翅目、伪蝎目等大中型节肢动物,蜱螨目甲螨亚目、中气门亚目,以及弹尾目棘跳科、长角跳科、疣跳科、驼跳科等小型节肢动物数量的减少不利于土壤水分入渗.毛竹林长期覆盖会使土壤理化性状劣变,减弱土壤入渗性能,限制土壤动物活动,进而导致毛竹林退化.     

丹江口库区覆膜耕作土壤净氮矿化随夏玉米生长期的变化

农田土壤净氮矿化对土壤氮素流失和农业非点源污染有重要影响.以丹江口库区五龙池小流域夏玉米黄棕壤为例,进行原位矿化试验,通过与无覆膜耕作土壤相比较,研究覆膜耕作条件下土壤净氮矿化在夏玉米生长期内的变化.结果表明: 夏玉米整个生长期内,覆膜耕作土壤净氨化量、净硝化量和净氮矿化量均明显高于无覆膜土壤,分别高6.63、12.96和19.59 mg·kg^-1;覆膜耕作土壤净氨化速率表现为在苗期较高、抽穗期最低、成熟期增至最高的变化特征,而土壤净硝化和净氮矿化速率均呈现苗期较高、拔节期最低、成熟期升至最高的变化过程;覆膜耕作土壤净氮矿化速率均与土壤全氮和NO₃^--N含量、土壤含水量之间呈显著线性关系.覆膜可有效调节土壤水热条件,促进土壤净氮矿化.     

地表覆盖对温室黄瓜生长及生理特性的影响

研究了地表覆盖秸秆、地膜和秸秆加膜对日光温室嫁接和非嫁接黄瓜生长与生理特性的影响.结果表明,地表覆盖可有效促进植株生长,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜与秸秆的株高和茎粗依次比对照增加91、71、57 cm和0127、0.086、0.111 cm,非嫁接黄瓜增幅较小;地表覆盖可增强光合作用,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜、秸秆的净光合速率分别比对照增加2.63、2.08与1.36 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,非嫁接黄瓜增幅较小;嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜和秸秆的叶绿素含量比对照增加1.8%和3.15%,而覆盖地膜的叶绿素含量降低了3.8%,非嫁接黄瓜的叶绿素含量变幅较小;嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜、秸秆的根系活力比对照提高0.98、0.48和0.8 mg TTC·g^-1FW,同一处理的非嫁接黄瓜根系活力增幅较小;地表覆盖可增加单株干物重,提高早期产量和总产量,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜与秸秆的单株产量比非嫁接黄瓜分别增加16%、5.3%和3.4%.     

冬小麦免耕覆盖与生物有机肥施用对土壤细菌群落的影响

为揭示保护性耕作措施对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响规律,选取免耕覆盖＋施生物有机肥（NF）、免耕覆盖＋不施生物有机肥（NC）、传统耕作不覆盖＋施生物有机肥（TF）和传统耕作不覆盖＋不施生物有机肥（TC）4个处理,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,利用16S rDNA基因Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,研究了冬小麦免耕覆盖与生物有机肥施用对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明：1）与TC处理相比,NF处理显著降低了土壤pH （P=0.03^*）,增加了土壤全氮（P=0.002^**）、总碳含量（P=0.0001^**,P=0.007^**）,影响了土壤碳/氮比分配（P=0.003^**）。2）从16个土壤样本中共获得细菌27门、86纲、125目、213科和315属,其中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌门,其相对丰度约占总丰度的82.40%。3）与传统耕作施生物有机肥处理相比,免耕覆盖施生物有机肥增加了土壤细菌的多样性指数（Simpson指数和Shannon指数）,降低了ACE丰富度指数。4）NMDS及多元分析结果表明：土壤细菌群落丰富度指数、多样性指数均与土壤pH、速效磷和土壤碳/氮比成正相关,与土壤微生物生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤总碳成负相关;其中,土壤pH和SMBC分别是影响酸杆菌门和放线菌门的主要驱动因子。施生物有机肥和耕作措施两种因素均对土壤细菌群落结构组成产生了影响,但以施用生物有机肥对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响较明显;此外,施用生物有机肥在传统耕作和免耕覆盖两种情况下均增加了冬小麦产量,但以传统耕作施生物有机肥处理最明显。因此,传统耕作配施生物有机肥是宁夏南部山区改善土壤理化性质、增加土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性的重要途径。     

秸秆覆盖配施氮肥根际土真菌群落及其与小麦产量的关系

为研究秸秆覆盖与施氮条件下土壤真菌群落变化及其驱动因素与冬小麦产量的关系,试验采用二因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM);副区为两种施氮量0(N0)和180(N1)kg/hm²。于小麦开花期采集土壤样品测定土壤养分及采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术分析根际真菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明,SM较NSM处理小麦产量提高40.3%,差异显著。NSMN1较NSMN0处理小麦产量显著提高75%;SMN1处理比SMN0处理小麦产量显著提高92%。SM处理较NSM处理土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、氨态氮(NH⁺₄-N)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)的含量显著增加,土壤硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)含量降低。无论秸秆覆盖与否,施氮显著提高了土壤TN、AN、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N、AP和AK的含量。秸秆覆盖根际真菌群落多样性(Chao1与Shannon指数)...     

不同施肥处理黑土覆膜后秸秆碳氮在团聚体中的固存特征

地膜覆盖是提高作物产量的重要措施,理解覆膜条件下黑土团聚体中外源碳和氮的固存特征,为深刻认识地膜覆盖措施的可持续应用提供理论依据。选取长期定位试验站(29年)不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和有机肥配施化肥(MNPK)3个典型施肥处理,表层土壤(0—20 cm)添加¹³C¹⁵N双标记玉米秸秆后设置裸地和覆膜的田间原位微区培养试验,探讨不同施肥处理结合覆膜黑土团聚体中有机碳和全氮对秸秆来源碳和氮的响应。结果表明,与裸地相比,所有处理覆膜后微团聚体(<0.25 mm)中秸秆来源碳和氮的含量平均降低了26.49%和32.05%。覆膜MNPK与裸地处理相比大团聚体(>0.25 mm)中秸秆来源碳和氮的含量显著降低了35.58%和15.97%,但大团聚体中原土壤有机碳的含量提高了9.16%。在CK和NPK处理微团聚体中,秸秆来源碳占该粒级团聚体有机碳的比例表现为覆膜>裸地,而在MNPK处理各粒级团聚体中则表现为裸地>覆膜。无论覆膜与否,秸秆来源碳对团聚体有机碳和秸秆来源氮对团聚体全氮的贡献率受施肥处理的影响表现为CK>N...     

Seed bed treatment effects on vegetation and seedling establishment in a New Zealand pasture one year after seeding with native woody species

Summary Efforts to re‐establish indigenous forests in pastoral New Zealand have increased as the value of native biodiversity has been realized. Direct seeding of woody species is preferable to transplanting, as labour and material costs are less. However, the success rate of direct seeding in pasture has been variable due to intense competition from adventive species. We initiated an experiment in pasture plots adjacent to a forest fragment where seed bed treatments (increasing in degree of disturbance from herbicide application to turf removal and topsoil removal) in combination with mulch treatments (wood chip shavings with and without forest floor organic material) were seeded with a mixture of New Zealand lowland forest species. The objective of the study was to determine if early successional plant communities, and ultimately seedling establishment, differed as a result of seed bed preparation after 1 year. Coprosma robusta (Karamu) and Kunzea ericoides (Kanuka) seedlings established on plots in significant numbers: both species were most abundant on topsoil‐removed plots where bare substrate was greatest and plant cover least. Both seed bed treatments and mulching treatments led to measurable differences in overall composition of early successional plant communities. However, absence of plant cover and low soil fertility (both associated with the topsoil‐removed treatment) were the most important factors in seedling success.     

Soil Water Retention on Gold Mine Surfaces in the Mojave Desert

An experimental analysis of soil water retention was conducted on three substrates (an abandoned road, an overburden pile, and a heap leach) created by gold mining activities in the Mojave Desert in southeastern California. We mixed each substrate with straw, and the overburden pile and heap leach with growth medium, then applied surface rock mulch to half the plots in an attempt to increase soil water‐holding capacity for revegetation efforts. For each of the six treatments (controls included) we monitored soil water with time domain reflectometry following both a simulation of a rainfall event and a natural rainfall that occurred immediately following the simulation. Both the simulation and the rainfall increased soil water between 3 and 8%, depending on the substrate. Water retention patterns in the two‐week periods following each water addition were similar between the simulation and rainfall, and among all substrate types as values returned to background (pre‐water) conditions. The abandoned road substrate had higher background water content (16.5%) than the overburden pile (6%) and heap leach (5%). The road also had three times higher organic matter and five times higher soil nitrogen than the other two sites. Soil water retention was improved on the overburden pile by the addition of just surface rock mulch or of straw‐plus‐rock mulch. On the heap leach, increases were found with rock mulch only or with growth medium‐plus‐rock mulch. Rock mulches did not improve soil water retention and straw additions decreased soil water on the abandoned road. Judicious use of soil amendments can improve soil water conditions and improve revegetation efforts on disturbed lands in desert environments.