动静态水环境下不同种植方式对苦草生长的影响

设置扦插法、纱布包裹法、布袋覆土法3种种植方式,研究苦草（Vallisneria natans（Lour.）Hara）在静态水环境下和水体受到持续扰动的动态条件下不同种植方式对植株生长的影响。结果显示,不同种植方式下苦草的生长差异明显。在苦草形态特征方面,布袋覆土法种植方式下苦草的平均株高和叶宽明显高于扦插法和纱布包裹法,但是其分株数和平均根长小于扦插法和纱布包裹法;在苦草的生物量和地下与地上部分之比方面,布袋覆土法种植方式下苦草的地上、地下部分生物量和总生物量明显大于扦插法和纱布包裹法,但是其地下与地上部分生物量之比小于其他2种方法;在苦草叶片叶绿素a含量方面,布袋覆土法明显高于扦插法和纱布包裹法。动静态水环境只对苦草的分株数有显著差异,静态水环境下分株数大于动态水环境,对其他指标无显著影响。研究结果表明动、静态水环境和不同种植方式对苦草的生长具有显著的影响,布袋覆土法种植方式下单株苦草生长最好;静态水环境下生长的苦草株高、叶宽和生物量等指标均优于动态水环境。     

Ecological requirements of Abies alba in the French Alps derived from dendro-ecological analysis

Abstract. We used dendro-ecological techniques to investigate fundamental relationships between climate and growth of Abies alba (silver fir) in eastern France. Seven Abies forests in the Trièves region of the French Alps were chosen to represent a wide range of ecological conditions based on the results of previous forest vegetation surveys. In each forest, four trees were sampled in each of five different stands with two cores per tree. These 280 cores were studied using two separate dendro-ecological methods: the pointer years method (based on extreme growth events), and correlation functions between tree ring-widths and monthly climatic data. Data from 11 meteorological stations were combined to provide a regional analysis of precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures. The two dendro-ecological methods appear to be complementary, as the first technique emphasizes common and low intensity linear correlations between ring-widths and climatic variations, and the second method emphasizes extreme and unusual climatic events such as exceptionally cold or dry years. Across all sites, drought in the previous year was consistently correlated with a low growth rate; however, other climatic variables varied substantially among sites. For example, drought in the current year reduced growth more in the low elevation sites than in the high elevation sites and severe winter frost reduced growth the most in the high altitude sites and the driest site. Moreover, certain growth responses are better correlated with the age of the stands, the canopy closure and the floristic composition of the community than the abiotic factors, emphasizing the value of dendro-ecological sampling based on phytosociological units.     

不同沙地生境下黄柳(Salix gordejevii)种群若干数量特征的比较研究

对分布于３种不同沙地生境（半固定沙丘、固定沙丘、丘间低地）黄柳灌丛的个体形态、生长和群体数量特征进行了比较研究,同时测定了灌丛下草本层植物种类组成及频率。结果显示：分布于丘间低地的黄柳灌丛当年枝平均长度增加缓慢,短枝条的比例较高,枝长频度分布（当年枝）峰值偏左,分枝也较多,叶片短而狭,长宽比大;与之相比,分布于半固定沙丘上的灌丛当年枝平均长度增加较快,长枝条比例较高,枝长频度分布趋于正态分布,分枝     

用耗散结构理论对莫高窟园林用水的分析

通过莫高窟园林用水的调查,发现平均灌溉量为8366mm,远高于敦煌农田的灌水量2250mm,并且全部通过土壤表面蒸发和植物蒸腾耗散掉了.这就出现了一个实际用水量很高的地方,它仍然表现为缺水的悖逆现象.而且也远大于以水面为基础当地的耗散量2486mm.应用 Penman的蒸散指数、Thornthwaite的蒸散指数、Holdridge生命地带指标等进行比较研究,结果仍然不能解释莫高窟存在的现象.通过对于莫高窟的温度、光照、湿度、风速、热量、土壤结构、浇灌方式等与水分耗散有关的因子进行深入的调查与分析后,发现这个现象与耗散结构理论相吻合.应用耗散结构理论解释了在莫高窟园林用水中存在的一个似非而是的问题.水的耗散结构理论对西北干旱地区的水资源利用有重要意义.应用耗散结构理论与前人对水分耗散方面的研究并不矛盾,完全可以在这一理论指导下统一起来,有望建立起统一的水分耗散应用模型.同时对与耗散结构理论相关的熵问题进行了探讨,认为这个问题与时间问题一样,是认识的主体——人的心理错觉,并没有物质上的实质.     

沙坡头地区不同配置格局油蒿和柠条水分生态位适宜度研究

利用生态位适宜度理论建立了沙坡头人工植被防护林体系无灌溉条件下,两种固沙植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch．)和柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom．)的水分生态位适宜度模型。并据此分析比较在5种不同配置格局下,在不同的降水量年份,这两种植物的水分利用状况。主要结论如下：不论在生长季总降水量为80.63mm的1991年还是在降水量大一倍的1993年,单播下油蒿的水分生态位适宜度均大于混播下的适宜度,且在7月份均有一个水分极其匮乏期;单播下柠条的水分生态位适宜度均小于混播下的适宜度;单播的3种格局中,以2m×2m的株距和行距(即样地1,3)为最佳,混播的两种格局以1m×1m的株距和行距,且按2行油蒿×2行柠条,中间空一行的方式配置(即样地5)为最佳。最后,对两个种生长过程中水分利用的一些特性进行了探讨。     

不同种植年限苹果根际土可培养根皮苷耐受菌的分布及多样性

【目的】筛选能够耐受苹果根系自毒物质根皮苷的细菌,研究不同种植年限苹果(Malus Mill.)根际可培养根皮苷耐受菌的微生物群落组成及多样性,旨在为筛选高效根皮苷降解菌、一定程度上了解苹果连作障碍机制并克服或减轻其造成的损失提供科学依据。【方法】以根皮苷为唯一碳源,筛选不同种植年限的根皮苷耐受细菌,通过ARDRA酶切聚类(Amplified r DNA restriction analysis)和16S r RNA基因序列分析确定分离的根皮苷耐受菌的分类地位,并利用生物信息学分析根皮苷耐受菌群落结构、多样性及与理化因子的关系。【结果】从种植年限为3、8、15、20和25年的苹果砧木山荆子[Malus baccata(Linn.)Borkh.]根际土壤中共分离103株根皮苷耐受菌,并在65%的相似水平上分成18个类群,分属于13个属,其优势菌分别为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和新鞘脂杆菌属(Novosphingobium)。分析发现种植年限为3年的根际土壤中分离的根皮苷耐受菌的物种丰富度最高,种植年限为15、20和25年的根际土壤中分离的根皮苷耐受菌的物种组成相似,且不同种植年限土壤的理化因子与根皮苷耐受菌的群落组成具有一定的相关性(P0.05)。冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)表明阿魏酸是影响群落结构的重要因子。【结论】不同种植年限苹果根际土壤中根皮苷耐受菌种类多样性丰富,其群落组成与土壤理化因子具有一定相关性,阿魏酸是影响根皮苷耐受菌群落结构的重要环境因子。研究结果可为探讨缓解苹果连作障碍的途径提供基础资料。     

岷江源区两种优势针叶树当年生小枝性状与生物量分配随海拔的分异规律

当年生小枝具有较少的次生组织,同时是植物分支系统中最具活力的部分,木本植物当年生小枝性状与生物量分配的海拔变化是理解物种对不同生境适应策略的重要内容。通过分析青藏高原东缘岷江源区两种优势亚高山针叶乔木(紫果云杉和岷江冷杉)当年生小枝性状(茎长、茎粗、比茎长)与不同部位器官(茎、叶)的生物量随天然生境的海拔(3500-3550 m、3650-3700 m和3800-3850 m)变化,尝试揭示两物种当年生小枝在不同海拔下的生物量权衡及其生长策略。结果表明:(1)不同海拔下茎生物量种间差异大于种内差异,3650-3700 m处的茎生物量变异最大(128.4%)。(2)云杉的茎生物量、总叶生物量与海拔间存在显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),比茎长与海拔呈显著正相关(P<0.05);冷杉的总叶生物量与海拔间为显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。(3)随着海拔的升高,云杉茎生物量分配比逐渐从33.0%降低到27.0%;而冷杉的茎生物量分配比则从23.0%渐增至28.0%。(4)3500-3550 m和3650-3700 m两处的云杉茎生物量与总叶生物量、茎长与茎粗呈异速生长关系;3500-3550 m、3650-3700 m和3800-3850 m三处的冷杉茎生物量与总叶生物量、茎长与茎粗一直呈现异速生长关系。两种针叶树的茎生物量分配比及相关性状随海拔的变化差异表明冷杉更适应高海拔的胁迫环境。     

云南文山健康三七种植年限对根际微生物群落的影响

【背景】三七的连作障碍与微生物区系失衡有一定关联,了解种植年限对三七微生物区系的影响,判断根际微生物区系是否失衡,对三七连作障碍的防治具有重要意义。【目的】探究文山不同种植年限健康三七根际土壤细菌和真菌群落结构、多样性差异,以及与种植年限之间的关联,为后续缓解三七连作障碍提供理论依据。【方法】采集一年生、二年生和三年生健康三七根际土壤,采用16S rRNA基因和ITS序列进行高通量测序。对测序结果进行分析,比较一年生、二年生和三年生健康三七根际土壤细菌和真菌的多样性和群落分布规律及与种植年限的关联。【结果】一年生健康三七根际细菌和真菌群落的α指数均显著高于二年生和三年生。通过β多样性分析发现,一年生健康三七根际土壤中真菌群落结构与其他年限的真菌群落结构有较大差异。相关性分析结果表明,真菌的均匀度和香农指数与种植年限呈现显著的负相关性,其余指数不显著相关。三七根际丰富度前三的门和属,除Acidobacteria和Aquicella丰富度随着三七种植年限的增加而显著增加外,其余群落丰度都与种植年限呈负相关。细菌中Bacteroidetes、Proteobacteria和真菌中Ascomycota、Basidiomycota、Chytridiomycota的丰富度随着种植年限增加而降低。在属水平上,细菌中Opitutus和真菌中Mortierella、Clitopilus、Pholiota的丰富度随着三七种植年限的增加而降低。在二年生三七根际土壤中病原真菌Alternaria、Cylindrocarpon、Fusarium和Pestalotiopsis的丰富度低于一年生和三年生,而有益真菌Mucor和Bacillus的丰富度却呈相反趋势。同时,有益细菌Flavobacterium和有益真菌Myxocephala、Aspergillus的丰富度随着种植年限的增加呈下降趋势。【结论】三七种植年限的增加,会引起三七根际微生物区系失衡,增加根际病原真菌属的丰度,同时降低一些有益真菌属的丰度。     

Photosynthesis of bract and its contribution to seed maturity inCarpinus laxiflora

Light saturated net photosynthesis was measured in bracts and leaves ofCarpinus laxiflora, the major species in secondary forests in cool and intermediate temperate zones in Japan. The maximum net photosynthesis of leaves and bracts was essentially constant from May to early August and decreased gradually thereafter. For bracts, it was 3.2 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹, approximately half that for the leaves. The photosynthesis of bracts would thus appear to contribute significantly to seed maturity. The estimated production of bract based on the photosynthesis would make seeds (3 mg dry weight) mature for 37 days, assuming all photosynthate of the bracts to have been distributed in the seeds only. This was quite consistent with the growth curve for the seeds. A mast year phenomenon is discussed in relation to bract photosynthesis and leaf number.     

Fluctuation of nut production and seedling appearance of a Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume)

The nut productivity, density of fallen nuts, seedling appearance and seedling survival of a Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) were investigated at three localities, Mt Gozaisho, Mt Hodaka and Mt Bandai, Japan, from 1976 to 1992. Two patterns of cycles, a short cycle and a long one, were confirmed in the beech nut productivity. Synchronization in the long cycle was recognized both on Mt Hodaka and Mt Bandai. On Mt Gozaisho, the beech nut productivity was quite low, and the seedlings disappeared within 1 year. The phenomenon on Mt Gozaisho seemed to be caused by the low matter production mainly due to erosion and poor soils. A large number of seedlings appeared in the next spring of heavy mast years on Mt Hodaka and Mt Bandai. The large beech nut productivity contributed to the large seedling supply, and this enhanced the survival probability of beech seedlings. This demonstrates the possibility that beech seedlings survived longer even under dense dwarf bamboos, particularly if the seedling supply was large.