血清Irisin、TMAO、MIF与慢性心力衰竭合并心房颤动患者预后的关系及其预测价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清鸢尾素（Irisin）、氧化三甲胺（TMAO）、巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子（MIF）与慢性心力衰竭（CHF）合并心房颤动（AF）患者预后的关系及其预测价值。方法：选取2020年1月～2023年1月甘肃省人民医院收治的CHF合并AF患者175例纳入合并AF组,根据预后情况分为预后不良组和预后良好组。另选取同期收治未合并AF的CHF患者100例纳入未合并AF组。通过酶联免疫吸附法检测血清Irisin、TMAO、MIF水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析CHF合并AF患者预后的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清Irisin、TMAO、MIF对CHF合并AF患者预后不良的预测价值。结果：与未合并AF组比较,合并AF组血清Irisin水平降低,血清TMAO、MIF水平升高（P＜0.05）。与预后良好组比较,预后不良组血清Irisin水平降低,血清TMAO、MIF水平升高（P＜0.05）。随访6个月,175例CHF合并AF患者预后不良发生率为26.29%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）心功能分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级和N末端前体B型钠尿肽（NT-proBNP）、TMAO、MIF升高为CHF合并AF患者预后不良的独立危险因素,Irisin升高为独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清Irisin、TMAO、MIF联合预测CHF合并AF患者预后不良的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.919,大于血清Irisin、TMAO、MIF单独预测的0.787、0.780、0.777。结论：CHF合并AF患者血清Irisin水平降低,TMAO、MIF水平升高,且与预后不良密切相关。血清Irisin、TMAO、MIF水平联合检测对CHF合并AF患者预后不良具有较高的预测价值。     

Fatty acid composition of depot fat of shorebirds collected at mid‐continental stopover sites during spring migration

ABSTRACT Despite the critical role of fat in providing energy for large‐scale seasonal movements, little is known about the fatty acid composition of shorebird depot fat. Fatty acid composition is important because it may impact flight performance and seasonal migratory movements. We analyzed the fatty acid composition of depot fat of 12 species of shorebirds collected during spring migration at stopover sites in Kansas from two different subcutaneous fat depots (furcular and saddle depots). Five fatty acids (palmitate [16:0], palmitoleate [16:1], stearate [18:0], oleate [18:1n‐9], and vaccenate [18:1n‐7]) accounted for 70–96% of the total composition of depot fat despite the diverse foraging behaviors of the species sampled. This similarity in fatty acid profiles may be due to a limited availability of high‐lipid food items in the shallow water and mudflat habitats where migratory shorebirds forage in the southern Great Plains. In addition, shorebird depot fat was composed primarily of long‐chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (i.e., 16‐ and 18‐carbon), fatty acids thought to be more easily converted to energy during migration. Depot fat in the furcular depot was similar in composition to fat from the saddle depot, and we found no differences in fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue of males and females. Thus, our results suggest that representative shorebird depot fat fatty acid profiles can be obtained even if investigators are limited to sampling one sex, and that adipose tissue collected from saddle depots provide representative samples so biopsies can be limited to areas of the body with the least impact on flight performance.     

Effect of adaptation to high light intensity on the kinetics of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystem II in Anabaena cylindrica

Transfer efficiencies between phycobilisomes and photosystem II antenna chlorophylls were determined on membrane fragments isolated from low and high light adapted Anabaena cells. The observed increase in energy transfer in high light adapted cells is a consequence of shorter interchromophore distances and a decrease in the number of jumps of the exciting photons. Calculation of the rates of energy transfer and the coupling energies indicate that the weak interaction inferred for energy transfer between phycobilisome and photosystem II in low light adapted cells is replaced by an intermediate interaction in high light adapted cells.Abbreviations LLA low light adapted - HLA high light adapted - PBS phycobilisome - PS photosystem     

Establishment of compatibility in the Ustilago maydis/maize pathosystem

The fungus Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen parasitizing on maize. The most prominent symptoms of the disease are large tumors in which fungal proliferation and spore differentiation occur. In this study, we have analyzed early and late tumor stages by confocal microscopy. We show that fungal differentiation occurs both within plant cells as well as in cavities where huge aggregates of fungal mycelium develop. U. maydis is poorly equipped with plant CWDEs and we demonstrate by array analysis that the respective genes follow distinct expression profiles at early and late stages of tumor development. For the set of three genes coding for pectinolytic enzymes, deletion mutants were generated by gene replacement. Neither single nor triple mutants were affected in pathogenic development. Based on our studies, we consider it unlikely that U. maydis feeds on carbohydrates derived from the digestion of plant cell wall material, but uses its set of plant CWDEs for softening the cell wall structure as a prerequisite for in planta growth.     

Deep-diving behaviour of a whale shark Rhincodon typus during long-distance movement in the western Indian Ocean

A whale shark Rhincodon typus satellite tagged off the coast of Mozambique showed a highly directional movement across the Mozambique Channel and around the southern tip of Madagascar, a minimum distance of 1200 km in 87 days. Dives to depths well into the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones (1286 m maximum depth) were recorded in a bathymetrically non-constraining habitat. The water temperature range recorded during the fish's movement was 3·4–29·9° C.     

A Scribble/Cdep/Rac pathway controls follower-cell crawling and cluster cohesion during collective border-cell migration

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PHYSIOLOGICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF RHIZOSOLENIA FORMOSA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN THE CONTEXT OF OPEN-OCEAN VERTICAL MIGRATION1

Cultures of Rhizosolenia formosa H. Peragallo were studied to assess whether or not physiological and optical characteristics of this large diatom were consistent with the ability to migrate vertically in the open ocean. Time-course experiments examined changes in chemical composition and buoyancy of R. formosa during nitrate (N)–replete growth, N starvation, and recovery. Cells could maintain unbalanced growth for at least 53 h after depletion of ambient nitrate. Increases in C:N and carbohydrate: protein ratios observed during N starvation reversed within 24 h of reintroduction of nitrate to culture medium. Buoyancy was related to nutrition: Upon N depletion, the percentage of positively buoyant cells decreased to 4% from 11% but reverted to 9% within 12 h of nitrate readdition. Cells took up nitrate in the dark. Nitrogen-specific uptake rates averaged 0.48 d^?1; these rates were higher than N-specific growth rates (0. 15 d^?1), indicating the potential for luxury consumption of nitrate, which can be stored for later use. Measurements of photosynthesis vs. irradiance, chlorophyll-specific absorption (a_ph*(λ)), and pigment composition showed that cells may be adapted for growth under a wide range of irradiances. Values of a_ph*(λ) were lower for N-depleted cells than for N-replete cells, and N-depleted cells had higher ratios of total carotenoids to chlorophyll a. Aggregation of chloroplasts was more pronounced in N-depleted cells. These are possibly photoprotective mechanisms that would be an advantage to N-depleted cells in surface waters. Compounds that absorb in the ultraviolet region were detected in N-replete cells but were absent in N-depleted cultures. Overall, these results have important implications for migrations of Rhizosolenia in nature. Cells may survive fairly long periods in N-depleted surface waters and will continue to take up carbon; then they can resume nitrate uptake and revert to positive buoyancy upon returning to deep, N-rich water. Uncoupled uptake of carbon and nitrogen during migrations of Rhizosolenia is a form of new production that may result in the net removal of carbon from oceanic surface waters.     

Proteomic analysis of Medicago truncatula root plastids

Despite the recognized importance of non‐photosynthetic plastids in a wide array of plant processes, the root plastid proteome of soil‐grown plants still remains to be explored. In this study, we used a protocol allowing the isolation of Medicago truncatula root plastids with sufficient protein recovery and purity for their subsequent in‐depth analysis by nanoscale capillary LC‐MS/MS. Besides providing the first picture of a root plastid proteome, the results obtained highlighted the identification of 266 protein candidates whose functional distribution mainly resembled that of wheat endosperm amyloplasts and tobacco proplastids together with displaying major differences to those reported for chloroplasts. Most of the identified proteins have a role in nucleic acid‐related processes (16%), carbohydrate (15%) and nitrogen/sulphur (12%) metabolisms together with stress response mechanisms (10%). It is noteworthy that BLAST searches performed against the proteins reported in different plastidomes allowed detecting 30 putative root plastid proteins for which homologues were previously unsuspected as plastid‐located, most of them displaying a common putative role in participating in the plant cell responses against abiotic and/or biotic stresses. Taken together, the data obtained provide new insights into the functioning of root plastids and reinforce the emerging idea for an important role of these organelles in sustaining plant defence reactions.     

Activation of ARF6 by ARNO stimulates epithelial cell migration through downstream activation of both Rac1 and phospholipase D

Migration of epithelial cells is essential for tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis of epithelial tumors. Here we show that ARNO, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases, induces Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells to develop broad lamellipodia, to separate from neighboring cells, and to exhibit a dramatic increase in migratory behavior. This transition requires ARNO catalytic activity, which we show leads to enhanced activation of endogenous ARF6, but not ARF1, using a novel pulldown assay. We further demonstrate that expression of ARNO leads to increased activation of endogenous Rac1, and that Rac activation is required for ARNO-induced cell motility. Finally, ARNO-induced activation of ARF6 also results in increased activation of phospholipase D (PLD), and inhibition of PLD activity also inhibits motility. However, inhibition of PLD does not prevent activation of Rac. Together, these data suggest that ARF6 activation stimulates two distinct signaling pathways, one leading to Rac activation, the other to changes in membrane phospholipid composition, and that both pathways are required for cell motility.     

A novel approach for multi-domain and multi-gene family identification provides insights into evolutionary dynamics of disease resistance genes in core eudicot plants

Background

Recent advances in DNA sequencing techniques resulted in more than forty sequenced plant genomes representing a diverse set of taxa of agricultural, energy, medicinal and ecological importance. However, gene family curation is often only inferred from DNA sequence homology and lacks insights into evolutionary processes contributing to gene family dynamics. In a comparative genomics framework, we integrated multiple lines of evidence provided by gene synteny, sequence homology and protein-based Hidden Markov Modelling to extract homologous super-clusters composed of multi-domain resistance (R)-proteins of the NB-LRR type (for NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEATS), that are involved in plant innate immunity.

Results

To assess the diversity of R-proteins within and between species, we screened twelve eudicot plant genomes including six major crops and found a total of 2,363 NB-LRR genes. Our curated R-proteins set shows a 50% average for tandem duplicates and a 22% fraction of gene copies retained from ancient polyploidy events (ohnologs). We provide evidence for strong positive selection and show significant differences in molecular evolution rates (Ka/Ks-ratio) among tandem- (mean = 1.59), ohnolog (mean = 1.36) and singleton (mean = 1.22) R-gene duplicates. To foster the process of gene-edited plant breeding, we report species-specific presence/absence of all 140 NB-LRR genes present in the model plant Arabidopsis and describe four distinct clusters of NB-LRR “gatekeeper” loci sharing syntenic orthologs across all analyzed genomes.

Conclusion

By curating a near-complete set of multi-domain R-protein clusters in an eudicot-wide scale, our analysis offers significant insight into evolutionary dynamics underlying diversification of the plant innate immune system. Furthermore, our methods provide a blueprint for future efforts to identify and more rapidly clone functional NB-LRR genes from any plant species.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-966) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.