The manipulation of polar head group composition of phospholipids in the wheat Miranovskaja 808 affects frost tolerance

Caryopses of the frost-resistant cultivar of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., Miranovskaja 808, were germinated and grown in the presence of various concentrations of choline chloride. Changes in the composition of leaf total phospholipids and leaf total fatty acids at two extreme temperatures (25°C and 2°C) as well as changes in frost resistance were followed. A choline chloride concentration-dependent accumulation of phosphatidyl choline was observed in the leaves. Seedlings grown at 2°C accumulated more phosphatidyl choline at each choline chloride concentration than those grown at 25°C. There was an inverse relationship between the contents of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid in the leaves. Neither the temperature nor choline chloride seemed to affect fatty-acid composition. Modification of polar-head group composition of phospholipids affected frost tolerance: Seedlings grown in the presence of 15 mM choline chloride at 25°C exhibited a freezing resistance equal to that of hardened controls. The data indicate that the polar-head group composition of membrane phospholipids in plants can be easily manipulated and point to the importance of phosphatidyl choline in cold adaptation processes.     

The effect of silicon on the manganese nutrition of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

Summary Silicon during the early vegetative stage did not affect the oven dry weight of any of the various tissues of the soybean plant. Silicon did, however, decrease the Mn concentration in the youngest fully mature leaf at intermediate levels of Mn. This effect did not occur at the lowest or highest Mn levels. Deficiency and toxicity symptoms were moderated to a slight degree by Si except at the highest level of Mn.     

The eco-sociological value of dispersal spectra of two plant communities

Summary A new system of dispersal units has been elaborated, based on weight and morphological features functional in dispersal. Weight was divided into eight classes and the functional morphological features were selected in such a way that their effectiveness could be tested by experiments.The spectra of weight and dispersal adaptations of dispersal units sampled in Euphorbio-Pinetum nigrae and Fumano-Stipetum habitats south of Vienna are calculated with this system and then compared.The results show that both communities can be characterized with such spectra. It is also possible with these spectra to make statements about the ecological and social position of the association in a succession.Nomenclature follows Ehrendorfer (1973).     

Regulation and integration of plant jasmonate signaling: a comparative view of monocot and dicot

The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life, including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens. A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis, signal transduction as well as its functions in diverse plant processes has been gained in the past two decades. In addition, there exists extensive crosstalk between jasmonate pathway and other phytohormone pathways, such as salicylic acid(SA) and gibberellin(GA), in co-regulation of plant...     

磨盘山天然次生林凋落物数量及动态

以磨盘山5.76hm2天然次生林群落固定监测样地为平台,均匀布设144个凋落物收集器,于2006年每月末(4—11月)连续收集其凋落物,用以分析群落尺度上的凋落物产量、组成及时空变化。结果表明,天然次生林年凋落量为3039.6 kg/hm2,以凋落叶(2499.2 kg/hm2)所占的比例最大,占年凋落量的82.22%,而凋落枝仅占年凋落量的9.92%,花果皮等所占比例更小,占总量的5%以下。1a内,凋落物收集器内共收集到42种树木的凋落叶,占样地内树种总数(46种)的91.30%,其中花曲柳(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)、核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)3个树种的凋落叶占落叶总量的82.97%,为叶凋落量的主要来源。不同收集器之间凋落量存在较大差异,99个收集器的年凋落量在200—400 g,2个收集器超过600 g;单个收集器全年最多可收集到19种树种的凋落叶,收集到凋落叶种数12种的收集器最多(29个)。凋落量月动态呈单峰型,69.78%的凋落量产生于9—10月份,叶凋落量月动态与凋落总量变化相同。落叶以秋季为主,但树种间叶凋落节律存在差异,其中核桃楸叶的凋落高峰集中在8—9月,花曲柳和春榆(Ulmus japonica)集中在9—10月,色木槭(Acer mono)为10月,蒙古栎叶为10—11月。     

黄土高原不同树种枯落叶混合分解效应

混交林中不同树种枯落物混合分解是否产生促进或抑制作用是评价种间关系和混交适宜性的重要依据之一。以黄土高原主要树种为对象,通过室内枯落叶混合分解模拟试验,结果表明:(1)沙棘、白榆、柠条和小叶杨枯落叶分解最快(周转期1 a左右),其次为旱柳、侧柏和白桦枯落叶(周转期略大于1 a),紫穗槐、辽东栎和刺槐枯落叶分解稍慢(周转期1.5 a左右),而樟子松、落叶松和油松枯落叶分解最慢(周转期略大于2 a)。(2)对于针叶树,与油松枯落叶混合,存在明显促进分解作用的是侧柏、落叶松,其次是白桦、沙棘和刺槐;与樟子松枯落叶混合,存在明显促进分解作用的是落叶松、侧柏、沙棘、白榆,其次是柠条、紫穗槐和小叶杨,而存在明显抑制分解作用的是刺槐,其次是白桦和辽东栎;与落叶松枯落叶混合,存在较明显促进分解作用的是白榆、白桦和辽东栎,存在较明显抑制作用的是刺槐;紫穗槐与侧柏枯落叶混合存在较明显的抑制分解作用。(3)对于阔叶树,与小叶杨枯落叶混合,存在较明显促进分解作用的是紫穗槐,其次是辽东栎和刺槐;与刺槐枯落叶混合,存在较明显促进分解作用的是白榆和沙棘,存在明显抑制分解作用的是柠条,其次是辽东栎和白桦;与白桦枯落叶混合,存在较明显促进分解作用的是辽东栎和紫穗槐,存在较明显抑制分解作用的是柠条;白榆与辽东栎、旱柳枯落叶混合均存在较明显的促进分解作用,而白榆与柠条枯落叶混合存在较明显的抑制分解作用;紫穗槐与旱柳、沙棘枯落叶混合均存在较明显的促进分解作用,而紫穗槐与柠条枯落叶混合有较明显的抑制作用。     

有机碳质量对黄河三角洲芦苇凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的影响

凋落物分解速率及其温度敏感性Q_(10)能够影响凋落物对土壤的碳归还及其对全球变暖的响应。然而,凋落物有机碳质量对凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的影响研究仍不充分。以黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australi)为例,通过凋落物袋法、室内模拟实验及固态~(13)C核磁共振技术,研究有机碳质量对凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的影响,探讨预测凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的指标。结果表明:(1)随着凋落物分解,易分解碳组分(烷氧碳、双烷氧碳)相对含量逐渐降低,而难分解碳组分(芳香碳)相对含量显著增加,疏水碳/亲水碳、芳香碳/烷氧碳比值逐渐增大,凋落物有机碳更加稳定,凋落物呼吸速率及失重率呈下降趋势。(2)凋落物失重主要受烷基碳、烷氧碳相对含量及C/N的影响,凋落物CO_2累积释放量主要受烷氧碳及双烷氧碳相对含量的影响。羰基碳相对含量可以用来解释Q_(10)的变异。因此,相对于生态化学计量比,烷基碳、烷氧碳、双烷氧碳、羰基碳相对含量是预测凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的敏感性指标。     

羊草草原枯枝落叶分解的研究——主要优势植物的分解速率和损失率

分解速率和损失率从不同侧面反映了枯枝落叶分解动态,羊草草原主要优势植物,羊草（Leymus chinensis),拂子茅（Calamagrostis epigejos),减蓬（Suaeda glauca),碱茅（Puccinellia tenuiflora),五脉山黎豆（Lathyrus quinqueneruivs),碱蒿（Artemisia anethifolia)分解速率的季节变化动态近似倒“V”字型,损失率的季节变化呈S型,反了枯枝落叶的失重情况,枯枝落叶的化学组成成分是造成不同种植物间分解差异的主要原因,特别是C／N比与分解快慢有密切关系,分解初期,枯枝落叶的损失符合指数衰减模型,枯枝落叶损失95％所需时间,羊草群落约为8．8a,杂类草群落约为9．7a,碱茅群落约为7．1a,碱蓬群落约为4．7a。     

蜘蛛杀虫肽基因的合成及其在植物中表达质粒的构建

近年来用生物制剂防治害虫,虽然可以避免环境污染,但效果往往不稳定,而用基因工程方法,将抗虫基因导入植物的基因组中,让植物自身产生抗虫物质,将是一种理想的途径［１,２］。抗虫的植物基因工程主要是利用苏云金杆菌的内毒素蛋白,转化此基因的烟草和番茄显示了对虫的抗性［３—６］。澳大利亚Ｄｅａｋｉｎ大学从一种蜘蛛毒液中分离纯化到一种只有３７个氨基酸的小肽,体外实验发现其能杀死多种对农业生产有害的昆虫,但对哺乳动物没有毒害作用［７］。我们根据此肽的氨基酸序列,采用植物偏爱的密码子,人工合成并克隆了此肽的基因…     

北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物的区系分析

探讨了北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物区系特征。结果表明,河岸带植被中共有维管束植物37科100属134种,其中包括种子植物36科100属133种,蕨类植物1科1种。北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物种类比较丰富,其中,在科的组成结构上,植物种类主要集中于少数几个大科如为禾本科和菊科,而多数科只有少数种或单种。在属的组成结构上,主要以单种属和小属为主。对其中种子植物的植物区系分布类型在种级水平上进行了分析,结果表明:河岸带共有4大类区系性质成分和16个地理成分类型,总体呈温带特性,各类温带分布类型67种,占河岸带植物总种数的50%。各河段河岸带植物区系结构存在差异:永定河山峡段与海河干流段区系结构比较相近,各结构在植物种所占比例上的排序为温带类世界类热带类亚洲类;而大部分长期干涸的永定河平原段,则温带类热带类世界类亚洲类。