Development of secondary pine forests after pine wilt disease in western Japan

Abstract. The development of secondary Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) forests after pine wilt disease was studied through phytosociological analysis, estimation of forest structure before disease and size-structure, tree ring and stem analyses. Following the end of the disease, the growth of previously suppressed small oak trees was accelerated. This is quite different from the development of forests following fire, which starts with the establishment of pine seedlings. Pine wilt disease shifted the dominance of secondary forests from Pinus densiflora to Quercus serrata oak forest. In pine forests, disturbance by fire is important for forest maintenance. In contrast, disturbance by pine wilt disease leads to an acceleration of succession from pine forest to oak forest.     

山西霍山油松林的物种多度分布格局

物种多度格局分析对理解群落结构具有重要的意义。该文首次选用描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(生态位优先模型NPM、分割线段模型BSM、生态位重叠模型ONM)、生物统计模型(对数级数分布模型LSD、对数正态分布模型LN)以及中性理论模型NT, 对山西霍山油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林的物种数量关系进行了拟合研究, 并采用卡方(χ²)检验、Likelihood-ratios (L-R)检验、Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S)检验和赤池信息量准则(AIC)选择最适合模型, 结果表明: (1)描述乔木层物种多度格局的最优生态位模型为NPM (3种检验方法均接受该模型, p > 0.05, 且该模型具有最小的 AIC值), ONM的拟合效果次之, 不服从BSM; 三种生态位模型均可较好地拟合灌木层物种多度格局; ONM是草本层最佳生态位模型, BSM、NPM拟合效果较差; LSD可以描述油松林各层物种多度结构; LN可以很好地解释灌草层物种数量关系; NT不能解释油松林任何层次的物种多度结构。(2)霍山油松林乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性均明显小于草本层; 该群落物种富集种少而稀疏种多, 且群落的均匀度相对较小。(3)从该区油松林种-多度分布来看, 同一个模型可以拟合不同的物种多度数据, 相同的数据可以由不同的模型来解释。因此, 研究森林群落物种分布时, 应采用多个模型进行拟合, 同时选用多种方法筛选最优模型。     

不同油松种源光合和荧光参数对水分胁迫的响应特征

采用盆栽控水试验方法,设置正常水分(T1,田间持水量的70％-80％)、轻度胁迫(T2,田间持水量的50％-60％)和严重胁迫(T3,田间持水量的30％-40％)3个水分梯度,对6个油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)种源(陕西洛南LN,陕西桥山 QO,山西灵空山LK,辽宁千山QN,河北雾灵山WL和山西芦芽山LY)的光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数进行比较,探讨种源间光合和水分利用特征的差异及其与气孔导度和荧光参数的关系.结果表明,3个水分梯度下6个种源的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)、原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)差异均极显著(P＜0.01),在T1和T3下,各种源的实际光量子效率φPSⅡ和电子传递速率ETR差异显著(P＜0.05).在T2下,LK和WL的Pn达到最大,具有轻度胁迫下提高光合生产力的倾向.在T3下,QN种源的Pn和WUE较高(除LK的WUE最高外),而WL的Pn和WUE较低(除LK的Pn最低外);6个种源中QN的Pn、φPSⅡ和ETR最大,LY和QO的光合生产力仅次于QN,而LN、LK和WL的Pn、Gs、φPSⅡ和ETR比较低,其光合生产力及光量子产量受干旱胁迫影响较大.LK的WUE在各个水分梯度下均显著高于其它种源(P＜0.05).在T3下,各种源通过降低Tr提高WUE.在T1下,气孔限制是影响油松Pn的主要因素;在T2和T3下,Pn和WUE均与气孔导度、PSⅡ反应中心的光量子产量和电子传递速率密切相关.     

华山松种子大小对啮齿动物贮藏行为的影响及其时空变化

华山松(Pinus armandii)是广泛分布在中国中西部海拔1000～3300m的山地、种子较大(约300mg)的松属植物。为探究华山松种子大小对啮齿动物贮藏行为的影响,于2006年和2007年在滇西北3个不同地点进行种子标记和追踪实验。结果表明,在所有年份和地点,啮齿动物都倾向于贮藏更多的大种子和取食更多的小种子;啮齿动物贮藏大种子的数量,以及平均距离和最大距离均显著高于小种子。3个地点具有不同的啮齿动物群落结构,从而对种子命运产生显著影响。种子命运在两个年份间也存在显著差异。     

NP配施对平茬后云南松苗木N、P、K化学计量比的影响

为了解NP配施对平茬后云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)苗木各器官N、P、K化学计量比的影响,分析云南松苗木不同器官(根、茎、叶、萌条)的ω(N)∶ω(P)、ω(N)∶ω(K)、ω(P)∶ω(K)化学计量比的季节变化特征,探讨各器官间N、P、K化学计量比的相关性及其变异来源。采用N、P二因素三水平的3×3回归设计开展不同施肥试验,并对苗木采样测定,研究NP配施对平茬后云南松根、叶、茎及其萌条N、P、K化学计量特征的影响。结果表明：平茬后云南松苗木不同器官的营养元素分配没有统一的规律,展现出丰富的变异。随着施肥季节的变化,ω(N)∶ω(P)在根、茎和萌条中逐渐下降,在叶中先下降后上升,但总体差异不大。单施N肥、P肥和NP配施均对云南松苗木生长的影响产生一定差异,总体来看NP配施更有利于促进苗木的生长,且以处理5(N₁P₁)表现为极显著(P<0.01)。云南松苗木各器官N、P、K化学计量比主要受N×P交互作用的影响,其次是N,影响最小的是P。除在根和叶中ω(N)∶ω(P)与ω(N)∶ω(K)之间相关性发生改变之外,其余两两间的正负...     

Changes in leaf expansion and epidermal screening effectiveness in Liquidambar styraciflua and Pinus taeda in response to UV-B radiation

Absorption or screening of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation by the epidermis may be an important protective method by which plants avoid damage upon exposure to potentially harmful UV-B radiation. In the present study we examined the relationships among epidermal screening effectiveness, concentration of UV-absorbing compounds, epidermal anatomy and growth responses in seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Seedlings of each species were grown in a greenhouse at the University of Maryland under either no UV-B radiation or daily supplemental UV-B radiation levels of 4, 8 or 11 kJ m^?2 of biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation. Loblolly pine seedlings were subsequently grown in the field under either ambient or supplemental levels of UV-B radiation. At the conclusion of the growing season, measurements of epidermal UV-B screening effectiveness were made with a fiber-optic microprobe. In loblolly pine, less than 0.5% of incident UV-B radiation was transmitted through the epidermis of fascicle needles and about 1% was transmitted in primary needles. In contrast, epidermal transmittance in sweetgum ranged from about 20% in leaves not preconditioned to UV-B exposure, to about 10% in leaves grown under UV-B radiation. The concentration of UV-absorbing compounds was unaffected by UV-B exposure, but generally increased with leaf age. Increases in epidermal thickness were observed in response to UV-B treatment in loblolly pine, and this accounted for over half of the variability in UV-B screening effectiveness. In spite of the low levels of UV-B penetration into the mesophyll, delays in leaf development (both species) and final needle size (loblolly pine) were observed. Seedling biomass was reduced by supplemental UV-B radiation in loblolly pine. We hypothesize that the UV-induced growth reductions were manifested by changes in either epidermal anatomy or epidermal secondary chemistry that might negatively impact cell elongation.     

云南松居群遗传学研究的等位酶分析方法

针对１５个云南松Ｐｉｎｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ居群,开展了１４种酶系统的水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳实验,在谱带遗传分析的基础上确定了３３个等位酶位点及其等位基因。其中有３２个等位酶位点是多态的（有２个以上的等位基因）,只有一个单态位点Ｄｉａ－４。有３个等位基因的位点有Ｌａｐ－１、Ｌａｐ－２、Ａａ－３、Ｓｋｄ－１、Ｓｋｄ－２、Ａｄｈ－１、Ａｄｈ－３、Ｇｄｈ、Ｐｇｄ－１、Ｐｇｍ－１、Ｐｇｍ－３、Ｐｇｉ－１、Ｐｇｉ－３、Ｍｄｈ－１、Ｍｅ、Ｇ６ｐｄ、Ｄｉａ－１、Ｔｐｉ－１、Ｔｐｉ－２、Ｔｐｉ－３和Ｔｐｉ－４,有４个等位基因的位点有Ｓｋｄ－３、Ａｄｈ－２、Ｐｇｄ－２、Ｍｄｈ－２、Ｍｄｈ－３、Ｍｄｈ－４和Ｄｉａ－２,有５个等位基因的位点有Ａａｔ－１和Ｄｉａ－３。云南松居群的等位基因平均数Ａ＝２１,在松属中居于中上水平。本研究揭示了云南松居群酶位点及其等位基因带谱的变异式样,为松属植物的遗传多样性研究提供了一批酶位点及其等位基因的参考图谱     

福廷瓶头霉与马尾松的共生特征

深色有隔内生真菌（dark septate endophyte,DSE）广泛定殖于植物根系,对促进植物生长、提高植物抗逆能力具重要作用。本研究从马尾松Pinus massoniana根系分离到一株DSE,于无菌条件下研究了此菌与马尾松的共生特征,研究结果表明：基于形态学和分子生物学分析,此菌被鉴定为福廷瓶头霉Phialocephala fortinii,在PDA培养基25℃培养条件下,此菌不产孢,菌丝深色、具隔,最适培养基为PDA。此菌与马尾松根系共生体的形成过程可划分为3个时期,即侵入前期：接种后2d,新生菌丝向马尾松根系定向生长并开始接触根系,但未侵入根系内部;侵入期：接种后4d,菌丝与马尾松根系接触侵入根内并在根系皮层细胞间扩展延伸;形成期：接种后6d,菌丝继续在马尾松根系内扩展并形成富含脂类物质的微菌核。接种福廷瓶头霉显著增加了马尾松生物量的积累（P<0.05）,并影响了其根系发育。接种后,马尾松主根生长受限,侧根生长显著提高（P<0.05）,侧根长度较未接种处理增加了112.87%。被侵染根系的根毛数量减少,并由大量根外菌丝包裹。以上结果对进一步揭示DSE与宿主的共生机理有一定指导意义。     

北长山岛森林乔木层碳储量及其影响因子

人工林是庙岛群岛典型的陆地生态系统的组成部分,对维护海岛地区生态环境具有重要作用。采用现有生物量相对生长方程和样地调查数据相结合的方法,以庙岛群岛中北长山岛为研究区,对海岛黑松纯林与黑松×刺槐混交林两种林型的碳储量进行了估算,并分析了土壤质地及其理化性质对海岛乔木层碳储量的影响。结果表明:黑松乔木层平均碳储量为84.00 t/hm²,接近于世界平均水平(86.00 t/hm²);黑松×刺槐混交林乔木层平均碳储量为29.60 t/hm²,高于山东省乔木层的平均碳储量(27.62 t/hm²)。应用因子分析法研究影响乔木层碳储量的主要因子,结果表明:土壤质地、pH值、含水量及含盐量是影响海岛乔木碳储量重要的影响因子。北长山岛土壤全氮、总磷、土壤有机质、碳氮比等其他理化性质对乔木层碳储量影响不是非常明显。