Biochemical synthesis of uniformly 13C-labeled diterpene hydrocarbons and their bioconversion to diterpenoid phytoalexins in planta

Phytocassanes and momilactones are the major diterpenoid phytoalexins inductively produced in rice as bioactive substances. Regardless of extensive studies on the biosynthetic pathways of these phytoalexins, bioconversion of diterpene hydrocarbons is not shown in planta. To elucidate the entire biosynthetic pathways of these phytoalexins, uniformly ¹³C-labeled ent-cassadiene and syn-pimaradiene were enzymatically synthesized with structural verification by GC–MS and ¹³C-NMR. Application of the ¹³C-labeled substrates on rice leaves led to the detection of ¹³C-labeled metabolites using LC-MS/MS. Further application of this method in the moss Hypnum plumaeforme and the nearest out-group of Oryza species Leersia perrieri, respectively, resulted in successful bioconversion of these labeled substrates into phytoalexins in these plants. These results demonstrate that genuine biosynthetic pathways from these diterpene hydrocarbons to the end product phytoalexins occur in these plants and that enzymatically synthesized [U-¹³C₂₀] diterpene substrates are a powerful tool for chasing endogenous metabolites without dilution with naturally abundant unlabeled compounds.     

Seasonal distribution of species of the toxic dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis in Maizuru Bay (Japan), with comments on their autofluorescence and attachment of picophytoplankton

The seasonal distribution of the dinoflagellate genus, Dinophysis, in Maizuru Bay, Japan, was investigated from May 1997 to December 1999. Seven species of Dinophysis were detected, including the toxic species of Dinophysis acuminata and D. fortii. The most dominant species wasD. acuminata, detected year-around and more abundantly during periods when water temperatures were between 15 and 18 °C. No relationship was found between cell abundance of Dinophysis spp. and concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients. Phycoerythrin containing nano- and picophytoplankton (cryptophytes and cyanobacteria), suspected to be prey of mixotrophic Dinophysis, were enumerated simultaneously. A clear relationship was not found among the cell abundances of Dinophysis spp. and nano- and picophytoplankton. Autofluorescence of Dinophysis spp. (mainly D. acuminata and D. fortii) under blue-light excitation was usually of a yellow-orange color. Occasionally, Dinophysis spp. had red autofluorescencing and yellow-orange autofluorescencing particles. The proportion of cells possessing red autofluorescence tended to be higher in the warm season. Numerous coccoid cells of picophytoplankton (ca. 1–2 μm in diameter) were found attached to the cell surface of D. acuminata, D. fortii, etc. and food vacuole-like structures also observed. These observations suggest there is a close relationship between mixotrophic Dinophysis spp. and certain picophytoplankton. Based on our observations, the possibility that the picophytoplankton found to be attached onto Dinophysis cell surfaces are a food source for Dinophysis, and a source of DSP toxins, is discussed.     

汉滩病毒核蛋白与热休克蛋白GRP94、HSP27的相互作用

为研究汉滩病毒(Hantaan virus, HTNV)感染诱导乳鼠脑组织热休克蛋白GRP94、HSP27与病毒蛋白的相互关系,选出生2～3d的昆明乳鼠实验性感染汉滩病毒,取8d后发病乳鼠脑组织部分制石蜡切片,用免疫组化结合共聚焦显微镜检测组织中病毒抗原及GRP94、HSP27的表达,部分制匀浆液,用ELISA、免疫共沉淀方法分析病毒抗原和GRP94、HSP27的关系.结果示汉滩病毒感染诱导乳鼠脑组织神经细胞高表达GRP94且与细胞内病毒抗原有共定位关系,但未见HSP27诱导高表达;免疫共沉淀显示汉滩病毒核心抗原(HINV-NP)与GRP94、HSP27呈非共价复合物形式存在.该结果为进一步探讨HSPs在病毒感染复制中的作用以及抗病毒感染方面提供了有意义的实验资料.     

测定λ原噬菌体诱导频率的新方法

本文报道两种测定λ原噬菌体紫外诱导频率的新方法 - 菌落计数法和平板诱导法.将溶源菌液经紫外诱导暗培养稀释后直接涂布在平板上培养,根据平板上菌落形成单位数计算λ噬菌体紫外诱导频率.另一种是将溶源菌与指示菌混合制备的平板用紫外线诱导,根据平板上噬菌体形成单位确定λ噬菌体紫外诱导频率.这两种方法不仅能准确测定噬菌体紫外诱导频率,而且操作简便,节省时间和用具,重复性好.本研究还将冬虫夏草浸出汁与溶源菌混合后进行紫外辐射,通过几种方法进行比较,结果证明建立的新方法确实可行,易操作;同时也表明冬虫夏草具有较强的抗紫外辐射作用.     

Vertical planktonic structure in the central basin of Lake Baikal in summer 1999, with special reference to the microbial food web

Planktonic microbial interactions in the central basin of Lake Baikal were examined on a summer day in 1999. The subsurface maxima of bacterial abundance and chlorophyll concentration were recorded at the same depth, whereas the vertical distribution of heterotrophic nanoflagellates was the inverse of those of bacteria and picophytoplankton. Release of extracellular organic car-bon (EOC) from phytoplankton was estimated by the NaH¹⁴CO₃ method as 2.4µgCl^–1day^–1. Bacterial production (4.3µgCl^–1day^–1), estimated in a bottle incubation experiment using size-fractionated water samples, exceeded the EOC released. Thus, other supplying sources of organic matter are needed for the bacterial production. Grazing (2.6µgCl^–1day^–1) was also estimated in the experiment and accounted for 60% of the bacterial production. This is the first report on the microbial food web in the central basin of Lake Baikal.     

棉铃虫单核衣壳核多角体病毒3个bro基因的原核表达与抗体制备

根据棉铃虫单核衣壳核多角体病毒(HaSNPV)基因组全序列,设计引物,用PCR的方法扩增得到bro-a、bro-b和bro-c三个全长基因.将这三个基因的片段分别克隆至原核表达载体pProExHTb,经IPTG诱导,在E.coli DH50菌株中得到了目的基因的高效表达.表达的目的蛋白大小分别为32kDa、64kDa和58kDa,经SDS-PAGE分离纯化,免疫新西兰大白兔制备了多克隆抗体.抗体经12500倍稀释后用于WestemBlot分析,获得特异性显色信号,所制备的三种抗体适合用作bro基因的功能的进一步研究.     

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒在Sf21细胞中离体增殖试验

研究了文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DpCPV-W)在Sf21细胞中的离体增殖行为,并进行了空斑试验,结果显示DpCPV-W毒株能够在Sf21细胞中增殖,也能在Sf21细胞上形成空斑,并能产生形态正常的病毒多角体.在DpCPV-W中加入基因工程增效蛋白,能显著增加病毒粒子对离体细胞的感染率,增幅达145%.生物测定表明,离体增殖的病毒多角体与虫体增殖的多角体的毒力相当.因此,Sf21细胞可以作为文山松毛虫CPV增殖行为研究的离体细胞系统,也可通过空斑纯化技术对文山松毛虫CPV生产防治的病毒种进行单个病毒粒子的分离纯化.     

乙型脑炎病毒减毒中间株SA14-12-1-7基因组全序列的测定

本研究通过对乙型脑炎活疫苗减毒过程中间株SA14-12-1-7-12 -1-7株进行全序列测定和分析,进一步了解乙脑活疫苗减毒及其稳定性的分子机制.根据 已发表的SA14-12-1-7株及SA14-12-1-7株的序列,设计6对重叠引物,涵括整个乙脑病 毒的基因组,通过RT-PCR扩增出SA14-12-1-7-12-1-7株的各cDNA片段,分别克隆到pGEM -T载体,转化至TG1受体菌中,挑取阳性克隆进行鉴定后测序.结果表明SA14-12-1-7-12- 1-7株基因组全序列长10976个核苷酸,从96到10394为一个长开放读码框,编码3432个氨基 酸.与野毒株SA14-12-1-7和疫苗株SA14-12-1-7的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列相比,同 源性均在99%以上,突变位点分散于各个区域,E区有5个位点与疫苗株一致而与野毒株不同 ,3个位点与野毒株一致而与疫苗株不同,推测与其容易产生回复突变、恢复毒力有关.此 外,NS3、NS5和3′NTR的几个位点可能与病毒毒力稳定性相关.综上所述,乙脑病毒减毒中 间株的基因组全序列基本类似于已发表的序列,若干突变位点影响病毒的弱毒性及毒力的稳定性.全序列的测定对于研究疫苗株的减毒机理具有重要意义.     

Evidence for the presence of DNase—actin complex in L1210 leukemia cells

L1210 leukemia cell cytosol was analysed for the presence of DNase I activity. No free activity was determined in crude cytosol. DNase I enzyme was found to occur in a latent form bound to cytoplasmic actin. DNase-actin complex was partially isolated by Sephadex filtration and DNase I-like activity was demonstrated after SDS gel electrophoresis of the complex and enzyme renaturation. The results were compared with those for synthetic complex of pancreatic bovine DNase I and chicken muscle actin.     

Synthesis and study of the labeling of pregnenolone and progesterone specifically tritiated at the 17 position

The action of tritiated acetic acid on 17-bromopreg-[3_H] nenolone acetate treated with zinc metal dust produces 17 pregnenolone acetate which is then hydrolyzed to form 17 [3_H] pregnenolone.The flavobacterium dehydrogenans transforms the 17-bromopregnenolone into 17-bromoprogesterone which can also be tritiated by tritiated acetic acid to obtain 17 [3_H] progesterone. The study of the label distribution by different analytic techniques (I.R., nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry) as well as the. chemical and selective biochemical reactions indicate a specific labeling higher than 85% on the 17 position.