赤水河两种荷马条鳅属鱼类的遗传多样性及谱系生物地理学过程分析

研究以线粒体Cyt b基因为分子标记,对赤水河两种荷马条鳅属（Homatula）鱼类（红尾荷马条鳅和短体荷马条鳅）的遗传多样性及种群结构进行了分析;同时,结合了对在长江上游其他几个水系分布的同种鱼类进行比较,分析其生物地理学过程。遗传多样性分析结果表明,5个水系135尾红尾荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出42个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.936和0.00493;其中,赤水河种群的分别为0.891和0.00208。3个水系52尾短体荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出12个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别0.821和0.01105;赤水河种群的分别为0.646和0.00390。基于ML和BI法构建的单倍型分子系统发育树结果表明,两物种各自构成单系,且得到较强支持。红尾荷马条鳅各种群地理格局分布明显,赤水河种群为并系类群位于分支基部。在短体荷马条鳅支系中,岷江与沱江两个水系的个体相互聚类在一起,而赤水河群体聚成一个分支。赤水河与其他水系不存在共享单倍型,表现了明显的隔离和差异性的地理分布格局。由于这些水系之间地理位置相距较远,推测这种格局的形成不是地质运动造成的水系隔离,而是历史时期水位的高低变化造成鱼类种群的扩散和隔离。错配分析支持赤水河两物种种群扩张的推断,但中性检验却并非全部支持,显示种群历史相对复杂。     

Javan mongoose or small Indian mongoose–who is where?

The Javan mongoose Urva javanica and the small Indian mongoose Urva auropunctata have been recently shown not to be conspecific. However, the limits of their respective distribution ranges have not been fully defined. In particular, Chinese populations were not attributed to either species using molecular data. Furthermore, the small mongooses found on Hong Kong Island (discovered at the end of the 1980s) were not clearly attributed to U. auropunctata or U. javanica, nor their status (native or introduced) established. The main aims of this study were to: (1) investigate the intraspecific genetic diversity and structure within these two species; and (2) clarify the distribution limits of U. auropunctata and U. javanica, and in particular, to identify Chinese populations, and determine which species occurs on Hong Kong Island (and whether they are native or introduced). The analyses of one nuclear and three mitochondrial genes confirmed the separation of U. javanica and U. auropunctata, and showed that the populations from southern China and Hong Kong Island belong to U. javanica. The intraspecific geographical structure of the two species is clarified, and the taxonomic implications are discussed. In particular, we found a strong divergence of Javan individuals of U. javanica, which should be considered a separate subspecies.     

基于AFLP分析的伯乐树(Bretschneidera sinensis)谱系地理学研究

伯乐树（Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl.）是主要分布于中国的濒危物种。采用AFLP分子标记对分布于中国11个省的24个伯乐树居群192个个体进行谱系地理学研究。结果显示,伯乐树有相对较高的遗传多样性水平,基因多样性指数（He）和Shannon指数（Ⅰ）分别为0.2728和0.4070。伯乐树居群间的遗传分化远大于居群内遗传分化,遗传分化系数G_ST=0.7138,基因流N_m=0.2005。通过聚类分析、STRUCTURE分析和BAPS分析发现,24个伯乐树居群可形成4大地理居群组和进化谱系;云贵高原东部地区居群遗传多样性较高,可能是伯乐树在中国的扩散中心和冰期避难所,伯乐树在冰期后由此向外进行居群扩散;南岭地区各居群遗传多样性水平普遍高于其他地区,与邻近地区各居群的亲缘关系较近,可能为伯乐树演化历史上的另一个冰期避难所。     

Evidence for strong inter- and intracontinental phylogeographic structure in Amanita muscaria, a wind-dispersed ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete

A growing number of molecular studies show that many fungi have phylogeographic structures and that their distinct lineages are usually limited to different continents. As a conservative test of the extent to which wind-dispersed mycorrhizal fungi may exhibit phylogeographic structure, we chose to study Amanita muscaria, a host-generalist, widespread, wind-dispersed fungus. In this paper, we document the existence of several distinct phylogenetic species within A. muscaria, based on multilocus DNA sequence data. According to our findings, A. muscaria has strong intercontinental genetic disjunctions, and, more surprisingly, has strong intracontinental phylogeographic structure, particularly within North America, often corresponding to certain habitats and/or biogeographic provinces. Our results indicate that the view of A. muscaria as a common, widespread, easily identifiable, ecologically plastic fungus with a wide niche does not correctly represent the ecological and biological realities. On the contrary, the strong associations between phylogenetic species and different habitats support the developing picture of ecoregional endemisms and relatively narrow to very narrow niches for some lineages.     

Diversification patterns of pebble-mimic dragons are consistent with historical disruption of important habitat corridors in arid Australia

The pebble-mimic dragon lineage of Tympanocryptis is widely distributed in the stony, or ‘gibber’, deserts of Australia but is noticeably absent from intersecting areas of sand deserts. Past fluctuations in the extent and configuration of sandy desert habitat barriers are likely to have been an import factor promoting genetic differentiation in this group. We sequenced a 1400 bp region of mitochondrial DNA and a 1400 bp nuclear gene (RAG-1) to investigate phylogeographic structuring of species of pebble-mimic dragons. Our topology indicates an early split in this lineage between eastern and western parts of the arid zone that probably dates to the mid-Miocene. This split corresponds directly with large expanses of contemporary sandy habitat in the form of Great Sandy and Great Victoria Deserts. Our data indicate that this biogeographic barrier established very early on in the development of the arid zone and has persisted to present. Additional genetic structuring in the absence of recognized barriers suggests that an expanded view of potential habitat barriers in the arid zone is required.     

Phylogeography of the blue tit ( Parus teneriffae -group) on the Canary Islands based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics

An analysis of the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1005 bp) of the Parus teneriffae-group from the Canary Islands and North Africa revealed new insights into the phylogeography of this taxon. The origin of the radiation on the Canarian Archipelago was apparently one of the central islands—Tenerife or Gran Canaria. The populations on El Hierro (P. t. ombriosus) and La Palma (P. t. palmensis) represent distinct monophyletic lineages. Blue tits from Gran Canaria are genetically distinct from those of La Gomera and Tenerife (P. t. teneriffae), which supports the results of other studies and suggests the existence of an—until now—undescribed taxon there. In contrast, the populations on the eastern islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (P. t. degener) could not be distinguished from North African blue tits (P. t. ultramarinus), and these populations should be subsumed under the subspecies ultramarinus. Taxonomic recommendations based on these results include the distinction of the northern European P. caeruleus from P. teneriffae, including blue tits from North Africa and the Canary Islands, the treatment of degener and ultramarinus as synonymous (P. teneriffae ultramarinus) and a new blue tit taxon on the island of Gran Canaria (P. t. hedwigii nov. ssp.), which is formally described. The genetic results are in parts supported by bioacoustic and morphological data.     

Geography and host specificity: two forces behind the genetic structure of the freshwater fish parasite Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae)

Parasite species with global distributions and complex life cycles offer a rare opportunity to study alternative mechanisms of speciation and evolution in a single model. Here, genealogy and genetic structure, with respect to geography and fish host preference, have been analyzed for Ligula intestinalis, a tapeworm affecting freshwater fish. The data analyzed consisted of 109 tapeworms sampled from 13 fish host species in 18 different localities on a macrogeographic scale. Two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome B, and the nuclear sequence of intergenic transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) were used for the genetic reconstruction. Different evolutionary patterns were found at the local and at the global geographic scales. On a local scale, the flat genetic structure was mainly attributed to contiguous range expansion. Migrating birds are the most likely cause of the homogenisation of the whole population, preventing the creation of significant genetic barriers. By contrast, on a global scale, genetically distant and well-separated clusters are present in different geographic areas. Reproductive isolation was found even between clades living in sympatry and infecting the same definitive host, suggesting the existence of efficient biologically determined genetic barriers, and thus possibly separate species. Although the ITS2 sequences were found to display considerable intragenomic variability, their relationships were generally in good agreement with the topology derived from mitochondrial genes.     

Population study of Astarte sulcata, da Costa, 1778, (Mollusca,Bivalvia) from two Norwegian fjords based on the fatty acid composition of the adductor muscle

Multivariate analyses of fatty acid composition of Astarte sulcata, collected in Northwest Norway in October 2005, showed significant differences between geographically close populations. This biochemical heterogeneity may have been caused by high genetic drift due to the direct development of the species. The results indicate that deep basins may provide an alternative bathymetric guide for spreading of offspring rather than being carried on currents crossing such basins. Thus, the combination of biology and topography might have led to the observed pattern that populations from opposite sides of a fjord are biochemically more distant than populations along the same side of a fjord/basin.     

Connectivity of populations within and between major biogeographic regions of the tropical Pacific in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Conus ebraeus</Emphasis>, a widespread marine gastropod

Information on genetic connectivity and structure of populations in the tropical Pacific is critical for making inferences about the origins and maintenance of diversity in this region. Sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene from 92 individuals of the trans-Pacific gastropod Conus ebraeus from eight localities spanning the tropical Pacific were analyzed to determine whether populations in the western, central, and eastern Pacific exhibit genetic structure, to examine the demographic histories of populations, and to infer patterns of gene flow. A total of 43 unique haplotypes were recovered, including a common haplotype that occurred in six of the eight populations examined. AMOVA and pairwise F-statistics showed that populations in the western and central Pacific were significantly differentiated from populations in the eastern Pacific, but no other evidence of structure. Bayesian isolation–migration (IM) analysis suggested that populations in the western and central Pacific separated from those in eastern Pacific during the Pleistocene. Examination of mismatch distributions and results from IM revealed that populations in the western and central Pacific expanded during the Pleistocene. Gene flow across the East Pacific Barrier appears to occur predominantly westward.     

Genetic structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerasus jamasakura</Emphasis>, a Japanese flowering cherry,revealed by nuclear SSRs: implications for conservation

The genetic resources of a particular species of flowering cherry, Cerasus jamasakura, have high conservation priority because of its cultural, ecological and economic value in Japan. Therefore, the genetic structures of 12 natural populations of C. jamasakura were assessed using ten nuclear SSR loci. The population differentiation was relatively low (F _ST, 0.043), reflecting long-distance dispersal of seeds by animals and historical human activities. However, a neighbor-joining tree derived from the acquired data, spatial analysis of molecular variance and STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the populations could be divided into two groups: one located on Kyusyu Island and one on Honshu Island. Genetic diversity parameters such as allelic richness and gene diversity were significantly lower in the Kyushu group than the Honshu group. Furthermore, STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the two lineages were admixed in the western part of Honshu Island. Thus, although the phylogeographical structure of the species and hybridization dynamics among related species need to be evaluated in detail using several marker systems, the Kyusyu Island and Honshu Island populations should be considered as different conservation units, and the islands should be regarded as distinct seed transfer zones for C. jamasakura, especially when rapid assessments are required.