基于SSR标记的新疆野杏群体遗传多样性及遗传结构

利用27对SSR分子标记对新疆4个野杏群体遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析,评价新疆野杏遗传多样性水平和分化程度,为新疆野杏合理保护与利用提供科学依据。结果显示：（1）27对SSR引物共检测到431个等位基因（N_a）,各位点平均等位基因数（N_a）和多态性信息含量（PIC）分别为15.96和0.84;物种水平上Shannons信息指数（I）和期望杂合度（H_e）分别为2.21和0.78。（2）群体水平上等位基因数（N_a）、有效等位基因（N_e）、Shannons信息指数（I）、期望杂合度（H_e）和观察杂合度（H_o）分别为10.98、5.85、1.92、0.79和0.55;其中新源县野杏群体遗传多样性最丰富,巩留县群体遗传多样性最低。（3）基于F统计量分析的遗传分化系数（F_st）为0.05,基因流（N_m）为5.26;分子方差分析显示新疆野杏群体大部分遗传变异来自群体内（95.4%）,群体间的遗传变异仅占4.6%。（4）新疆野杏群体遗传距离为0.06~0.49,平均为0.24;遗传相似度为0.61~0.94,平均为0.80;遗传相似度的聚类分析和遗传距离的主坐标分析结果一致,均将供试4个群体划分为两组;Mantel检测显示,新疆野杏群体遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关（r=0.332,P＝0.16）。研究表明,新疆野杏资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,群体遗传分化程度较低,群体间遗传距离较小,这与新疆野杏群体的大小和悠久的演化历史以及群体间频繁的基因交流相关。     

Parental and hybrid Daphnia from the D. longispina complex: long‐term dynamics in genetic structure and significance of overwintering modes

In recent decades, hybridization has become a focus of attention because of its role in evolutionary processes. However, little is known about changes in genetic structure within and between parental species and hybrids over time. Here, we studied processes of genetic change in parental species and hybrids from the Daphnia longispina complex (Crustacea, Cladocera) over a period of six years across ten habitats. These cyclical parthenogens respond to fluctuating environments by switching from asexual to sexual reproduction. Importantly, sexually produced diapausing eggs, which resist extreme conditions such as low temperatures and serve as dispersal stages, are produced to a lower extent by hybrids. Long‐term microsatellite data revealed clear differences between hybrids and parental species. In hybrids, clonal diversity values were lower, whereas heterozygosity and linkage disequilibrium values were higher compared to parental species. Clonal diversity of hybrids responded to the strength of the winter, with cold winters resulting in few genotypes in the following spring. In time windows when only asexual hybrid females survive, priority effects will favour the establishment of the hybrid offspring before hatchlings from parental diapause eggs can enter the community. The constant high levels of heterozygosity maintained by clonal reproduction in hybrids might lead to their successful establishment over time, when they are able to escape competition from both parental species. Although we found evidence that hybrids diversity depends on fluctuating environments, a direct link between hybrid abundance and the strength of winter was missing. Because of reduced adaptability in clonally reproducing hybrids, multiple factors must contribute to promoting their long‐term success in fluctuating environments.     

The function and evolution of male and female genitalia in Phyllophaga Harris scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Genitalia diversity in insects continues to fuel investigation of the function and evolution of these dynamic structures. Whereas most studies have focused on variation in male genitalia, an increasing number of studies on female genitalia have uncovered comparable diversity among females, but often at a much finer morphological scale. In this study, we analysed the function and evolution of male and female genitalia in Phyllophaga scarab beetles, a group in which both sexes exhibit genitalic diversity. To document the interaction between male and female structures during mating, we dissected flash‐frozen mating pairs from three Phyllophaga species and investigated fine‐scale morphology using SEM. We then reconstructed ancestral character states using a species tree inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear loci to elucidate and compare the evolutionary history of male and female genitalia. Our dissections revealed an interlocking mechanism of the female pubic process and male parameres that appears to improve the mechanical fit of the copulatory position. The comparative analyses, however, did not support coevolution of male and female structures and showed more erratic evolution of the female genitalia relative to males. By studying a group that exhibits obvious female genitalic diversity, we were able to demonstrate the relevance of female reproductive morphology in studies of male genital diversity.     

Extreme genetic diversity in asexual grass thrips populations

The continuous generation of genetic variation has been proposed as one of the main factors explaining the maintenance of sexual reproduction in nature. However, populations of asexual individuals may attain high levels of genetic diversity through within‐lineage diversification, replicate transitions to asexuality from sexual ancestors and migration. How these mechanisms affect genetic variation in populations of closely related sexual and asexual taxa can therefore provide insights into the role of genetic diversity for the maintenance of sexual reproduction. Here, we evaluate patterns of intra‐ and interpopulation genetic diversity in sexual and asexual populations of Aptinothrips rufus grass thrips. Asexual A. rufus populations are found throughout the world, whereas sexual populations appear to be confined to few locations in the Mediterranean region. We found that asexual A. rufus populations are characterized by extremely high levels of genetic diversity, both in comparison with their sexual relatives and in comparison with other asexual species. Migration is extensive among asexual populations over large geographic distances, whereas close sexual populations are strongly isolated from each other. The combination of extensive migration with replicate evolution of asexual lineages, and a past demographic expansion in at least one of them, generated high local clone diversities in A. rufus. These high clone diversities in asexual populations may mimic certain benefits conferred by sex via genetic diversity and could help explain the extreme success of asexual A. rufus populations.     

The effectiveness of different planting frameworks for recruitment of tropical rainforest species on ex‐rainforest land

A long‐term rainforest restoration experiment was established on abandoned pasture in northeastern Queensland in 1993 to examine the effectiveness of five different restoration planting methods: (T1) control (no plantings); (T2) pioneer monoculture (planting seedlings of one pioneer species, Homalanthus novoguineensis, Euphorbiaceae); (T3) Homalanthus group framework method (H. novoguineensis and eight other pioneer species); (T4) Alphitonia group framework method (Alphitonia petriei, Rhamnaceae, with eight other pioneer species); and (T5) maximum diversity method (planting pioneers, middle‐phase species, and mature‐phase species). We investigated temporal patterns in the (1) fate of seedlings originally planted in 1993; (2) natural recruitment of native plant species; and (3) current habitat structure (canopy cover and ground cover of grasses and invasive plants) within each restoration treatment. A total of 97% of seedlings planted in T2 died within the first 13 years and all had died by 2014. A total of 72% of seedlings planted in T3, 55.5% of seedlings planted in T4, and 55% of seedlings planted in T5 also died by 2014. By 2014, 42 species from 21 families had recruited across the experimental site, and the abundance of recruits was almost twice that recorded in 2001 and 2006. Overall, T3, T4, and T5 had the greatest diversity and abundance of recruits. By 2014, canopy cover was greatest in T3, T4, and T5 but grass cover was least in T5. It is concluded that some restoration success measures increase with planting diversity, but overall the rate of recovery is similar in framework species and maximum diversity method.     

Response of soil microbial biomass and activity in early restored lands in the northeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Intensive land use of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest accelerated with the rise of sugar cane plantations in the northeastern part of Brazil. Consequently, many ecosystems were destroyed, including riparian forests. The number of studies of riparian restoration has increased but comparative studies on the belowground effects of common reforestation strategies are rare. Here, we compared soil microbial properties among four different land use types: native rainforest, sugar cane plantation, single species reforestation, and mixed species reforestation, each replicated at two spatially independent sites. Soil samples were taken in 2013 and 2014, that is 2 and 3 years after reforestation, respectively. In both years, land use types had a significant effect on basal respiration, microbial biomass, and specific respiration (whereas specific respiration was marginally affected in 2014). In 2013, basal respiration in sugar cane plantations was significantly lower (?65%) when compared to native forests. In 2014, basal respiration (+60%) and soil microbial biomass (+90%) were significantly higher in mixed species reforestation compared to sugar cane, whereas single species reforestation had comparable values as in sugar cane plantations. Our results indicate that soil microbial biomass and activity respond rapidly to land use change when mixed species reforestation is used. Thus, using mixed species reforestation may enhance the provisioning of ecosystem services already in the short term.     

基于提高鸟类多样性的北京城市线性公园绿地植物景观探析

植被覆盖率高的线性公园,可作为鸟类的迁徙途径和栖息之所,并猜测其可作为生态廊道的一部分,适宜的营造植物景观、提升植物种类的多样性对保护鸟类多样性有促进作用。因此,采用标准取样法对北京城市线性公园绿地进行研究,提取可能影响鸟类多样性的植物群落因素、植物生境因素,对提高鸟类多样性提出建设性的意见。研究结果主要表明,在线性公园绿地宽度30~200m内,随着宽度的增加,鸟类的数量有所提高;含有不同类型植物生境的线性公园绿地,对鸟类目标种的吸引力不同,植物生境类型数较多样的线性公园绿地具有较高的鸟类目标种吸引力;不同的鸟类目标种偏好在不同的树种上进行活动。     

不同产地杜仲根际土真菌群落结构的差异性分析

基于宏条码技术对采自贵州遵义县、湖南慈利县和四川旺苍县3个杜仲产地根际土壤的真菌群落组成进行了分析。研究获得根际土壤真菌有效序列共10 775条,聚类后OTUs对应的真菌类群涉及子囊菌门Ascomycota、担子菌门Basidiomycota、接合菌门Zygomycota、球囊菌门Glomeromycota、壶菌门Chytridiomycota、类原生动物门Rozellomycota的22纲、59目、103科、108个属的550个真菌分类单元(OTUs)。在属的水平上,湖南慈利样本(ECS)有119个属,优势属为镰刀菌属Fusarium,相对丰度为16.31%,其次是被孢霉属Mortierella(14.67%)、毛壳菌科Chaetomiaceae一未定属(13.01%)和木霉属Trichoderma(11.37%)等。四川旺苍样本(EWS)共有116个属,优势属为丝齿菌属Hyphodontia,相对丰度32.32%,其次为镰刀菌Fusarium(13.41%)等。贵州遵义样本(EZS)有110个属,优势属为被孢霉属Mortierella,相对丰度30.74%,其次是木霉属Trichoderma(25.96%)和镰刀菌属Fusarium(4.85%)等。α多样性分析表明,不同产地杜仲根际土壤真菌群落组成有明显差异。遵义样本(EZS)、慈利样本(ECS)和旺苍样本(EWS)的Shannon多样性指数从高到低为:ECS(2.7661)> EZS(2.4841)>EWS(2.1326)。不同杜仲产区土壤理化因子及4个主要活性成分(松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、绿原酸、京尼平苷酸和京尼平苷)与根际土真菌群落组成的相关性分析表明,4个主要活性成分皆为四川旺苍(EWS)产地含量最高,其次是湖南慈利,贵州遵义最低甚至不含京尼平苷。杜仲根际土壤样品真菌物种组成丰富,不同地区杜仲根际土壤真菌群落组成、分类单元的相对丰度及优势分类单元皆存在不同程度差异。杜仲根际土真菌群落结构的多样性与土壤理化因子及杜仲主要有效成分含量具有一定相关性。杜仲根际土真菌群落组成的结构谱是杜仲道地性的重要特征。     

郊野公园植物多样性的生态恢复与重建——以上海滨江森林公园为例

植物作为自然界生态系统的重要组成部分,其多样性的保护与发展是人类可持续发展的物质基础之一,对维护生态环境的平衡与稳定具有重要意义,也是当今中国生态园林城市建设的重要内容。以上海滨江森林公园一期工程为例,通过总结建设过程中自然生境的恢复与重建、现状植物保护和开发的经验,探索郊野公园设计建造中植物多样性保护的有效措施,为今后城市郊野公园的建设和原有绿地的绿化改造等提供参考借鉴。     

江永普通野生稻遗传多样性和籼粳基因频率监测分析

以栽培稻的8个籼-粳测验种为对照,采用39对SSR引物检测了江永野生稻居群在1982年、2008年、2017年的遗传多样性,采用38对In Del引物检测了江永野生稻居群在1982年、2008年、2017年的籼-粳基因频率。结果表明:在1982年取样保存在异位圃的40份样本的遗传多样性稍高于2008年、2017年原位保护区样本的遗传多样性;2008年取的样本数虽然比2017年多,但两次取的样本之间遗传多样性几乎没差异。不同年份取的样本之间的遗传分化系数Fst都很小,基因流Nm都较大,分化不明显。通过聚类分析和主坐标分析(PCo A),发现野生稻居群与4份栽培粳稻聚为一类,4份栽培籼稻单独聚成一类,显示江永野生稻与粳稻的血缘近于籼稻;籼-粳基因频率的分析表明,野生稻样本多属粳稻型,少数属偏粳稻型,原位保护区的偏粳稻类型单株数占取样单株总数的比例,2008年比1982年的增加了10.0%,2017年比2008年的增加了1.6%,显示江永野生稻原位保护区生境条件有利野生稻从粳稻型向偏粳稻型变异,随着野生稻产生环境适应性变异,籼型基因频率在提高。