不同群落类型柔毛淫羊藿总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量及其与土壤因子的关系

2009年8月,采用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法测定了唐家河自然保护区次生落叶阔叶林红桦群落(群落Ⅰ)、常绿落叶阔叶混交林细叶青冈群落(群落Ⅱ)和常绿阔叶林油樟群落(群落Ⅲ)下生长的柔毛淫羊藿各器官的总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量,分析其与土壤因子的关系结果表明：柔毛淫羊藿叶片中总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量最高、茎中最低;群落Ⅰ的柔毛淫羊藿总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量［(5.32±0.23)%和(0.47±0.05)%］均显著高于群落Ⅱ［(4.06±0.03)%和(0.32±0.01)%］和群落Ⅲ［(4.15±0.07)%和(0.28±0.09)%］;土壤氮含量和pH值对柔毛淫羊藿的总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量影响较大,柔毛淫羊藿总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量与土壤全氮和碱解氮呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与土壤pH值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).土壤较低的氮供应水平和较高的土壤酸度可能使群落Ⅰ柔毛淫羊藿的总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量增加.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区苦竹林细根特性和土壤呼吸的影响

细根在森林生态系统地下碳循环过程中具有核心地位.2007年11月-2009年11月,对华西雨屏区苦竹人工林进行了模拟氮沉降试验.氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK,0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮(15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮(30 g N·m^-2·a^-1)处理,研究氮沉降对苦竹人工林细根和土壤根际呼吸的影响.结果表明：不同处理氮沉降下,<1 mm和1～2 mm细根特性差异较大,与< 1 mm细根相比,1～2 mm细根的木质素、磷和镁含量更高,而纤维素、钙含量更低;氮沉降显著增加了<2 mm细根生物量,对照、低氮、中氮和高氮处理的细根生物量分别为(533±89)、(630±140)、(632±168)和(820±161) g·m^-2,氮、钾、镁元素含量也明显增加;苦竹林各处理年均土壤呼吸速率分别为(5.85±0.43)、(6.48±0.71)、(6.84±0.57)和(7.62±0.55) t C·hm^-2·a^-1,氮沉降对土壤呼吸有明显的促进作用;苦竹林的年均土壤呼吸速率与<2 mm细根生物量和细根N含量呈极显著线性相关.氮沉降使细根生物量和代谢强度增加,并通过增加微生物活性促进了根际土壤呼吸.     

Population control of the yellow‐spined bamboo locust,Ceracris kiangsu,using urine‐borne chemical baits in bamboo forest

The yellow‐spined bamboo locust, Ceracris kiangsu Tsai (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae), is a notorious defoliator of bamboos in China. In commercial bamboo forests, spraying insecticides to control C. kiangsu is neither convenient nor economic, therefore environmentally acceptable and cost‐effective methods are needed. Ceracris kiangsu adults are known to aggregate and gnaw at human urine‐contaminated materials; NaCl is a strong phagostimulant and NH₄HCO₃ is an attractant/arrestant. In the present paper, we found that foam plastic containers containing a blend of 0.03% bisultap, 3% NaCl, 3% NH₄HCO₃, and 0.1% Triton X‐100 (tetrad bait) had a powerful attracticidal effect and could kill a great number of especially female C. kiangsu adults, comparable to those containing a mixture of 0.03% bisultap and 5‐day‐incubated urine. In a field trial, the tetrad bait killed approximately 80% of females and about 9% of males in the treated plots after daily application for five consecutive days. The corrected average reduction rate was 48.2%. Moreover, the sex ratio was decreased from 1.18 before the trial to 0.25 after the experiment in the treated plots. These results indicated that there is the potential to develop a trap using NaCl as a phagostimulant and NH₄HCO₃ as an attractant that can be used for C. kiangsu control.     

Plant material features responsible for bamboo's excellent mechanical performance: a comparison of tensile properties of bamboo and spruce at the tissue,fibre and cell wall levels

MethodsThe mechanical properties of single fibres and tissue slices of stems of mature moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and spruce (Picea abies) latewood were investigated in microtensile tests. Cell parameters, cellulose microfibril angles and chemical composition were determined using light and electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering and confocal Raman microscopy.ConclusionsThe superior tensile properties of bamboo fibres and fibre bundles are mainly a result of amplified cell wall formation, leading to a densely packed tissue, rather than being based on specific cell wall properties. The material optimization towards extremely compact fibres with a multi-lamellar cell wall in bamboo might be a result of a plant growth strategy that compensates for the lack of secondary thickening growth at the tissue level, which is not only favourable for the biomechanics of the plant but is also increasingly utilized in terms of engineering products made from bamboo culms.     

安吉毛竹林水汽通量变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

以浙江省安吉县毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关技术进行观测,获取2011年毛竹林的水汽通量数据,同时结合常规气象观测数据,分析了水汽通量全年变化。结果表明:毛竹林全年水汽通量基本为正值,月尺度上,水汽通量呈单峰型变化趋势,且各月的最大值均在12:00—14:00出现,呈现一定规律性,7月(0.1116 g m-2s-1)最高,12月(0.0209 g m-2s-1)最低;季节尺度上,夏季最高(0.0873 g m-2s-1),呈现典型单峰型变化趋势,春秋季(均为0.0541 g m-2s-1)次之,变化特征与夏季相似,冬季最低(0.0221 g m-2s-1),曲线变化复杂,波动较大。毛竹林全年蒸散量占全年降水量48.26%。2、4、5、11、12月蒸散量略大于降水量,其余月份蒸散量均小于降水量,6月份降水量与蒸散量差别最大。季节尺度上,对毛竹林水汽通量与净辐射进行回归关系分析,夏季最大,R2为0.6111,秋季为0.5295,春季为0.2605,冬季最小0.0455。通过F检验,水汽通量与净辐射有极显著线性关系。在植物生长期,毛竹林水汽通量随饱和水汽压差的增大而增大,植物发育成熟后,当饱和水汽压差增大到一定程度时,其增大反而抑制了水分的蒸散。     

开花红哺鸡竹叶片的显微结构与光响应参数研究

为阐释竹子开花过程中的生理功能变化,探寻竹子花后复壮更新的途径,本研究选取红哺鸡竹(Phyllostachys iridescens)竹林换叶后出现开花征兆的竹株异形叶和外观正常叶,并以未开花竹株正常叶为对照,进行了叶片结构观察和光响应测定。结果发现:红哺鸡竹从营养生长向生殖生长转变的过程中,叶片的发育有变小变薄的特征,相邻维管束距离增大,维管束横切面积和气孔密度有显著变小的趋势(p0.05)。开花竹异形叶的叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、维管束横切面积和气孔密度是未开花竹正常叶的71.59%、87.40%、77.79%和73.56%,相邻维管束距离增加了19.34%,这种结构的变化相应地导致了开花竹叶片光合和蒸腾作用的显著降低(p0.05)。开花竹异形叶的光响应参数,如光饱和点、表观量子效率和最大光合速率是未开花竹正常叶的67%、40.5%和8.27%,分别为900、0.015、1.22μmol·m-2·s-1;光补偿点比未开花竹正常叶高出208.5%,达85.11μmol·m-2·s-1,而开花竹外观正常叶的光响应参数介于两者之间。开花竹株的叶片结构弱化和随之产生的生理功能异化可能是多年生竹子无法像树木那样连年开花、持续生长的重要原因之一。     

Characterization of Bacteria in the Rhizosphere Soils of Polygonum Pubescens and Their Potential in Promoting Growth and Cd,Pb, Zn Uptake by Brassica napus

Microbe-enhanced phytoremediation has been considered as a promising measure for the remediation of metal-contaminated soils. In this study, two bacterial strains JYX7 and JYX10 were isolated from rhizosphere soils of Polygonum pubescens grown in metal-polluted soil and identified as of Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. based on 16S rDNA sequences, respectively. JYX7 and JYX10 showed high Cd, Pb and Zn tolerance and increased water-soluble Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in culture solution and metal-added soils. Two isolates produced plant growth-promoting substances such as indole acetic acid, siderophore, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic deaminase, and solubilized inorganic phosphate. Based upon their ability in metal tolerance and solubilization, two isolates were further studied for their effects on growth and accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Zn in Brassica napus (rape) by pot experiments. Rapes inoculated with JYX7 and JYX10 had significantly higher dry weights, concentrations and uptakes of Cd, Pb, Zn in both above-ground and root tissues than those without inoculation grown in soils amended with Cd (25 mg kg^?1), Pb (200 mg kg^?1) or Zn (200 mg kg^?1). The present results demonstrated that JYX7 and JYX10 are valuable microorganism, which can improve the efficiency of phytoremediation in soils polluted by Cd, Pb, and Zn.     

施肥对雷竹林土壤活性有机碳的影响

采用重施肥料试验研究了不同重施肥习惯对雷竹林土壤碳库产生的影响,结果表明,各有机肥、化肥混合处理土壤总有机碳(TOC)、水溶性碳(WSOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、矿化态碳(MC)及WSOC/TOC、MBC/TOC和MC/TOC均显著或极显著高于单施化肥各处理.3个有机肥、化肥混施处理中,随着有机肥用量减少,TOC、WSOC、MBC和MBC/TOC显著下降,有机肥用量减少一半,上述各类碳分别下降10.75%、12.02%、30.94%和22.61%.单施化肥处理中,氮素用量超过1009.5 kg·hm^-2·年^-1会使土壤WSOC、MBC、MBC/TOC明显降低.雷竹土壤TOC、WSOC、MBC和MC两两之间相关性均达显著或极显著水平,进一步通过6个处理变异系数分析发现,土壤MBC、MBC/TOC是衡量雷竹土壤碳库质量的最佳指标.     

毛竹林节肢动物群落的组成与结构

通过对福建三明和沙县23块毛竹林试验标准地节肢动物群落1a的系统调查,结果表明:竹冠层节肢动物隶属于3纲、21目、124科、332种,林下层节肢动物隶属于3纲、22目、130科、349种。竹冠层和林下层类群分别有92.77%和94.54%的物种为稀有种或偶见种,林下层类群种-丰盛度关系符合对数正态分布。二类群目或功能集团的科、物种的数量分布相近,个体数量分布差异大。竹冠层类群以蜱螨目和同翅目为主,林下层类群以蜘蛛目、膜翅目、同翅目和双翅目为主。前者的科、物种以及个体数的益害比分别为1∶1.18、1∶0.83和1∶4.62,后者为1∶0.91、1∶0.85和1∶0.55。竹冠层类群的物种多样性和均匀度均显著低于林下层类群,植食性集团多样性在林下层类群各功能集团中最高,在竹冠层类群中则最低。群落和功能集团各参数对二类群多样性的影响均以相应类群总体的均匀度最大,功能集团因子中均以相应类群蜘蛛类的均匀度最大。人为排除群落优势种后,二类群的多样性均显著增加,但林下层类群增加的幅度显著低于竹冠层类群。植食性和中性集团作为空间食物种类资源能显著促进群落容纳较多天敌物种,天敌对二集团的空间数量跟随效应强,二集团与天敌的多样性之间相互促进。     

Weibull分布参数辨识改进及对浙江毛竹林胸径年龄分布的测度

非线性模型迭代参数初始值的选取及拟合的结果能否可用非常重要且一直是一个难题.传统的方法只是凭感觉偿试不进行定量评估,对于用阻尼最小二乘进行拟合只注重精度高低,没有从理论上研究和分析评价得出的结果能否可用.为了克服这一不足,使参数选取较好,阻尼最小二乘得出结果可用.利用非线性回归原理在这两方面做了探讨,提出了二个判别指标：β^T＜1,β^N＜1,分析了每一指标在参数不同状态的控制作用,并在Weibull分布函数参数辨识中做了应用.针对目前毛竹林林分结构规律研究的不足,利用浙江省230个毛竹林样地资料研究了省域尺度的毛竹林胸径分布规律,经SPSS软件中的P-P图检验与柯尔莫哥洛夫检验,表明毛竹林胸径结构服从Weibull分布;再经对Weibull分布模型拟合求解与作图对比,结果显示Weibull分布能很好地描述毛竹林胸径分布规律.利用Weibull分布三参数与林分特征因子间的相关关系,经分析研究,导出了一个改进的二元分布模型,用该二元分布模型很好地测度了浙江省毛竹林胸径和年龄分布规律,最后得到了浙江省毛竹林株数按胸径年龄分布的理论频数.