高效液相尺寸排阻色谱-多角度激光散射定量检测灭活禽流感病毒抗原中完整病毒颗粒

本研究旨在建立一种灭活禽流感病毒原料液中完整病毒颗粒准确定量的方法。针对直接采用高效液相尺寸排阻色谱法（high performance size exclusion chromatography,HPSEC）检测灭活禽流感病毒原液存在杂质干扰的问题,首先以H5N8型抗原为对象,分别考察了聚乙二醇（polyethylene glycol,PEG）沉淀和离子交换色谱法（ion exchange chromatography,IEC）进行预处理。在优化条件下,经DEAE FF阴离子交换层析纯化预处理,杂蛋白去除率为86.87%,病毒血凝回收率为100%。HPSEC分析预处理后的样品,8.5–10.0 min处色谱峰样品电泳检测显示主要为H5N8病毒蛋白,动态光散射分析平均粒径为127.7 nm,推测为完整病毒特征峰;在IEC预处理后的样品中加入抗体进行HPSEC检测,8.5-10.0 min处特征峰消失,显示IEC预处理有效去除了杂质干扰。通过将HPSEC与多角度激光散射技术（multi-angle laser scattering technique,MALLS）联用,可以准确获得样品中完整病毒颗粒的数量,且病毒颗粒数与色谱峰面积具有良好线性关系（R²=0.997）。建立的IEC预处理-HPSEC-MALLS检测方法应用于其他亚型（H7N9）、批次和浓度的病毒原液中完整病毒颗粒数的准确检测,均具有良好适用性,且重复性好,相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）<5%,n=3。     

小麦印度腥黑穗病菌和黑麦草腥黑粉菌检测标准分子构建

以小麦印度腥黑穗病菌和黑麦草腥黑粉菌为研究对象,采用分子克隆技术,分别构建了该两种真菌分子检测的标准分子。前者包括线粒体2297 bp的DNA序列以及rDNA710 bp的ITS序列,后者包括线粒体2.3kb的DNA序列以及rDNA710 bp的ITS序列。分别对该两个标准分子进行了性能评估试验,测试结果显示所构建的标准分子具有良好的特异性、均匀性和稳定性,能够满足小麦印度腥黑穗病菌和黑麦草腥黑粉菌分子检测需求。     

基于纳米颗粒的赭曲霉毒素A高灵敏酶联免疫检测方法的建立及应用

赭曲霉毒素(ochratoxins)主要是由青霉菌Penicillium和曲霉菌Aspergillus产生的有毒次级代谢产物,常见于发霉或发酵的农产品中,其中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)毒性最强且最为普遍。OTA是粮食作物和饲料的重要污染物,在加工、储存或运输过程中均可产生,具有肾毒性和免疫毒性,可通过蓄积作用发挥毒性效应,对人类和动物健康造成严重威胁。本研究通过将OTA单克隆抗体包被于纳米磁珠(magnetic nanoparticles,MNPs)表面,获得具有免疫活性的磁珠抗体复合物(MNPs-Anti OTA),并制备生物素标记的偶联抗原OTA-BSA-Bio,后续采用链酶亲和素标记的纳米金颗粒(Strep-HRP-AuNPs)催化底物进行信号检测,最终建立了OTA高灵敏检测方法(MNPs-bs-AuNPs-ELISA)。在最优条件下,经计算该方法检测下限(IC10)为0.01ng/mL,检测区间(IC20-IC80)为0.02-0.73ng/mL,半数抑制率(IC50)为0.13ng/mL。与OTA类似物OTB、OTC交叉反应性为4.3%和8.1%,对其他常见真菌毒素AFB1、ZEN、FB1、DON、CIT和PAT均无交叉反应。玉米、面粉和大豆样本中的加标回收率可达85.6%-115.7%,对天然样本中OTA含量的检测结果表明,该方法与LC-MS/MS相关性良好。本研究建立的MNPs-bs-AuNPs-ELISA可满足谷物及饲料样本中OTA的快速、高灵敏度定量检测,成本较低,具有很好的应用前景。     

中国香菇种质资源中两种主要病毒的携带情况检测

香菇病毒病通常具有潜隐性特征,携带病毒的香菇菌株往往并不表现出明显症状,但一旦爆发常造成较大经济损失。本文采用RT-PCR检测技术,系统分析了中国香菇野生种质及栽培种质中两种主要病毒Lentinula edodes mycovirus HKB（LeV-HKB）和L. edodes partitivirus 1（LePV1）的携带情况。对来源于中国主要栽培省（市）的90个香菇栽培菌株的检测结果表明,有67.8%（61/90）的供试菌株单独或复合感染有LeV-HKB和LePV1中的1种或2种,LeV-HKB病毒携带率56.7%（51/90）,明显高于LePV1 35.6%（32/90）;栽培菌株两种病毒的复合感染率为24.4%（22/90）。对地理来源几乎覆盖整个中国的125个野生菌株的检测结果表明,有75.2%（94/125）的供试菌株至少感染了LeV-HKB和LePV1中的1种,8.8%（11/125）野生菌株同时感染了两种病毒,且野生菌株中LePV1病毒携带率70.4%（88/125）明显高于LeV-HKB 13.6%（17/125）。栽培菌株和野生菌株中LeV-HKB和LePV1病毒的存在与否与菌株地理来源没有明显相关性,显示香菇病毒极可能通过担孢子在自然界广泛传播。本研究为开展香菇菌种病毒病快速检测,从源头控制香菇病毒病传播,追踪病毒病的发生流行规律奠定了基础。     

活细胞结构力学与荧光张力检测探针

微观力学效应决定着细胞形态结构变化,胞内动力蛋白、肌球蛋白和驱动蛋白等马达分子,构成了细胞微丝微管骨架结构组装的原始驱动力.而以细胞骨架结构为支架的力学感受器,也反馈性调节着细胞力学信号及其生物学效应,组成细胞结构调控必不可缺的力学基础,两者协同调控了机体生理和病理活动.本文从生物微观力学效应和信号入手,介绍了一种基于荧光共振能量转移(FRET)原理的活细胞结构力学检测新技术,将微观结构力学变化转换为光学信号,并采用克隆技术将其插入α辅肌动蛋白、β肌动蛋白及血影蛋白等骨架及相关蛋白质,观察活细胞、组织甚至动物整体水平结构力学变化,为癌细胞侵袭转移、分裂增殖、细胞极化、反分化以及太空失重等生物物理医学研究探寻新的途径.     

CD4同源二聚化或寡聚化的间接检测及其介导的生物学功能的初步分析

近年来的研究表明 ,CD4分子于细胞膜表面不仅以单体形式存在还可以通过其D4和D1形成同源二聚化及寡聚化 ,并且二聚化及寡聚化的CD4分子才能稳定地与MHC Ⅱ类分子结合。通过分析CD4分子以及CD4缺失突变体分子融合Fas基因片段所诱导的转染靶细胞的凋亡 ,以及携带绿色荧光蛋白的CD4分子转染HEK2 93细胞所筛选出的稳定克隆的不同荧光强度和与MHC Ⅱ类分子阳性细胞Raji之间的不同黏附效应间接鉴定CD4同源二聚体或寡聚体的存在 ,并对二聚化或寡聚化CD4分子所介导的生物学功能进行初步分析。     

Isothermal amplification detection of nucleic acids by a double-nicked beacon

Isothermal and rapid amplification detection of nucleic acids is an important technology in environmental monitoring, foodborne pathogen detection, and point-of-care clinical diagnostics. Here we have developed a novel method of isothermal signal amplification for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) detection. The ssDNA target could be used as an initiator, coupled with a double-nicked molecular beacon, to originate amplification cycles, achieving cascade signal amplification. In addition, the method showed good specificity and strong anti-jamming capability. Overall, it is a one-pot and isothermal strand displacement amplification method without the requirement of a stepwise procedure, which greatly simplifies the experimental procedure and decreases the probability of contamination of samples. With its advantages, the method would be very useful to detect nucleic acids in point-of-care or field use.     

Environmental and Biotic Controls over Aboveground Biomass Throughout a Tropical Rain Forest

The environmental and biotic factors affecting spatial variation in canopy three-dimensional (3-D) structure and aboveground tree biomass (AGB) are poorly understood in tropical rain forests. We combined field measurements and airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) to quantify 3-D structure and AGB across a 5,016 ha rain forest reserve on the northeastern flank of Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii Island. We compared AGB among native stands dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha found along a 600–1800 m elevation/climate gradient, and on three substrate-age classes of 5, 20, and 65 kyr. We also analyzed how alien tree invasion, canopy species dominance and topographic relief influence AGB levels. Canopy vertical profiles derived from lidar measurements were strong predictors (r ² = 0.78) of AGB across sites and species. Mean AGB ranged from 48 to 363 Mg ha⁻¹ in native forest stands. Increasing elevation corresponded to a 53–84% decrease in AGB levels, depending upon substrate age. Holding climate constant, changes in substrate age from 5 to 65 kyr corresponded to a 23–53% decline in biomass. Invasion by Psidium cattleianum and Ficus rubiginosa trees resulted in a 19–38% decrease in AGB, with these carbon losses mediated by substrate age. In contrast, the spread of former plantation tree species Fraxinus uhdei corresponded to a 7- to 10-fold increase in biomass. The effects of topographic relief at both local and regional scales were evident in the AGB maps, with poorly drained terrain harboring 76% lower biomass than forests on well-drained relief. Our results quantify the absolute and relative importance of environmental factors controlling spatial variation in tree biomass across a rain forest landscape, and highlight the rapid changes in carbon storage incurred following biological invasion. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Author Contributions  GPA and RFH conceived of or designed the study. GPA, RFH, TAV, DEK, and TKB performed research and analyzed data. GPA, RFH, DEK, and TKB contributed new methods or models. GPA wrote the article.     

肺炎支原体感染鼠P1特异抗原的动态检测

通过实验动物模型探讨肺炎支原体感染动物肺泡灌洗液中特异抗原检出率的动态变化,为肺炎支原体感染的临床诊断提供理论依据。小鼠经鼻自然感染肺炎支原体,分别采集感染后不同时间点小鼠的支气管灌洗液,应用量子点标记肺炎支原体P1蛋白抗体,直接免疫荧光法检测感染鼠肺泡灌洗液中肺炎支原体P1特异抗原,同时通过PCR检测肺组织肺炎支原体DNA及肺组织病理切片观察肺部炎性变化确定小鼠感染。结果显示,感染鼠肺炎支原体特异抗原在感染后第3天检出阳性率为75%,第7天达高峰为83%,之后随病程延长,抗原检测的阳性率逐渐下降,在感染后第14、21天检出阳性率分别为58%和25%。肺炎支原体特异抗原在感染早期检出率高。应用量子点标记肺炎支原体P1蛋白抗体,直接免疫荧光法检测肺炎支原体特异抗原可应用于肺炎支原体感染的早期诊断。