吉林黑土区不同施肥处理对农田土壤昆虫的影响

为研究不同施肥处理与农田土壤昆虫群落之间的关系,对吉林黑土区不同施肥处理对农田土壤昆虫群落的影响进行了研究.在12个处理小区内,即（1）撂荒（不施肥、不耕作、不种植,ABAND）、（2）对照（种植、不施肥,CK）、（3）施氮肥（N）、（4）施氮磷肥（NP）、（5）施氮钾肥（NK）、（6）施磷钾肥（PK）、（7）施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、（8）施氮磷钾化肥＋有机肥处理（有机N 和化肥N 的比例为2：1）（M1NPK）、（9）增加50 %用量化肥配施有机肥（1.5 MNPK）、（10）化肥配施秸秆（SNPK）、（11）玉米、大豆2：1轮作,施肥量同处理8（Rot）、（12）施氮磷钾化肥＋有机肥处理（有机N 和化肥N 的比例为1：1）（M2NPK）,共采集144个定点土壤样品.通过手捡法和改良干漏斗法（Modified Tullgren ）共获得土壤昆虫9922只（未知标本187只）,隶属9目48科.调查结果显示,12种施肥小区内,大型土壤昆虫个体数和类群数依次是：ABAND＞NP＞N＞1.5MNPK＞Rot.＞PK＞NK＞NPK＞M2NPK＞CK＞M1NPK＞SNPK,N＞NK＞ABAND=1.5MNPK＞NP=NPK＞PK＞CK=Rot.＞M2NPK=M1NPK＞SNPK;中小型土壤昆虫数依次是ABAND＞1.5MNPK＞PK＞M2NPK＞CK＞Rot.＞NPK＞SNPK＞NK＞NP＞N＞M1NPK,Rot.＞NPK＞ABAND=NP=1.5MNPK=PK=NK=M2NPK=CK=M1NPK=SNPK＞N.大型土壤昆虫个体数和类群数撂荒中分布最多,中小型土壤昆虫则分别在撂荒和轮作中分布最多.多样性分析表明,1.5MNPK处理中大型农田土壤昆虫组成最丰富,M1NPK处理中小型农田土壤昆虫组成最丰富;CK处理与其他11处理之间群落相似程度最小,Rot.与其他处理之间的群落相似程度较大.Kruskal- Wallis检验法分析表明,施肥对农田土壤昆虫分布影响极显著（X0.05（11）=10.25,p〈0.05）,反映出不同施肥对土壤生态系统内部环境,进而对土壤动物群落产生的影响.多元统计分析表明,轮作对土壤昆虫优势类群具有负向作用,而M2NPK则具正向作用.各种施肥对农田土壤昆虫影响不平衡,其中对农田土壤昆虫个体数影响最大,对中小型土壤昆虫均匀性影响最小.     

A closer look at the phosphorus-phosphorus double bond lengths in meta-terphenyl substituted diphosphenes

The single crystal X-ray structure of DmpPPDmp (1, Dmp = 2,6-Mes₂C₆H₃), which was previously reported to have a relatively short PP bond distance of 1.985(2) Å at room temperature, has been reexamined at variable temperatures. Crystallographic analyses of 1 at 100 K allow for resolution of disorder of the two phosphorus atoms (which is unresolvable from room temperature diffraction data), and for determination of a more conventional PP bond length of 2.029(1) Å. Single crystals of the closely related diphosphene DxpPPDxp (2, Dxp = 2,6-(2,6-Me₂C₆H₃)₂C₆H₃) show similar disorder in one of two crystallographically independent molecules in the unit cell. A value of 2.0276(4) Å is found for the non-disordered PP bonds at 100 K for 2. A new diphosphene Ar′PPAr′ (3, Ar′ = 2,6-Mes₂-4-OMe-C₆H₃) has been prepared and its structure has also been examined. The PP bond length for 3 was determined to be 2.0326(9) Å and relatively free of the effects of disorder.     

中国伪突沼石蛾属四新种记述(毛翅目,沼石蛾科)

记述了伪突沼石蛾属Pseudostenophylax amplus种团4新种：钝角伪突沼石蛾P．macrogonus sp．nov．,三角伪突沼石蛾P．triquetrus sp．nov．,小瘤伪突沼石蛾P．tubercularis sp．nov．和弱端伪突沼石蛾P．1inquidus sp．nov．。新种模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

贵州汉族八个红细胞血型系统的分布

本文调查了贵州汉族八个红细胞血型系统的分布。结果表明P_1基因频率(0.1520)和Di~a。基因频率(0.0182)较低。其它系统的基因频率为P=0.2171、q=0.1858、r=0.5969、m=0.5400、n=0.4600、S=0.0478、s=0.9522、Jk~a=0.4633、Jk~b=0.5367、Fy~a=0.9367、Fy~b=0.0633。MNSs血型系统单倍型频率为MS=0.0301、NS=0.0177、Ms=0.5099、Ns=0.4423。Rh血型系统单倍型频率为R~1=0.5766、R~2=0.2508、R~0=0.0511、R~z=0.0421、r~’=0.0794。未发现MMSS、MNSS及Fy(a-)表现型。     

Blood group antigens: molecules seeking a function?

The blood group antigens have been dismissed by some researchers as merely ‘icing on the cake’ of glycoprotein structures. The fact that there are no lethal mutations and individuals have been described lacking ABO, H and Lewis antigens seems to lend weight to the argument. This paper reviews the research which suggests that these antigens do indeed have function and argues that blood group antigens play important roles in modulation of protein activity, infection and cancer. It explores the evidence and poses questions as to the relevance and implications of the results. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cetaceans of Southeast Alaska: distribution and seasonal occurrence

Aim To assess the distribution, group size, seasonal occurrence and annual trends of cetaceans. Location The study area included all major inland waters of Southeast Alaska. Methods Between 1991 and 2007, cetacean surveys were conducted by observers who kept a constant watch when the vessel was underway and recorded all cetaceans encountered. For each species, we examined distributional patterns, group size, seasonal occurrence and annual trends. Analysis of variance (anova F) was used to test for differences in group sizes between multiple means, and Student’s t‐test was used to detect differences between pairwise means. Cetacean seasonal occurrence and annual trends were investigated using a generalized linear model framework. Results Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were seen throughout the region, with numbers lowest in spring and highest in the fall. Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) distributions were more restricted than that reported for humpback whales, and the low number of sightings precluded evaluating seasonal trends. Three killer whale (Orcinus orca) eco‐types were documented with distributions occurring throughout inland waters. Seasonal patterns were not detected or could not be evaluated for resident and offshore killer whales, respectively; however, the transient eco‐type was more abundant in the summer. Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) were distributed throughout the region, with more sightings in spring and summer than in fall. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) distribution was clumped, with concentrations occurring in the Icy Strait/Glacier Bay and Wrangell areas and with no evidence of seasonality. Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) were observed only occasionally, with more sightings in the spring. For most species, group size varied on both an annual and seasonal basis. Main conclusions Seven cetacean species occupy the inland waters of Southeast Alaska, with distribution, group size, seasonal occurrence and annual trends varying by species. Future studies that compare spatial and temporal patterns with other features (e.g. oceanography, prey resources) may help in identifying the key factors that support the high density and biodiversity of cetaceans found in this region. An increased understanding of the region’s marine ecology is an essential step towards ensuring the long‐term conservation of cetaceans in Southeast Alaska.     

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG inhibits invasion of cultured human respiratory cells by prtF1-positive macrolide-resistant group A streptococci

Aims:  This study was designed to determine whether the probiotic strain Lactobacillus GG, which is extensively used in the treatment and prevention of intestinal disorders, is able to inhibit invasion of cultured human respiratory cells by macrolide-resistant group A streptococci (GAS) carrying the prtF1 gene, which encodes the fibronectin (Fn)-binding invasin F1.
Methods and Results:  Eight prtF1 -positive erythromycin-resistant GAS strains were used to infect A549 monolayers in competition and displacement assays with Lactobacillus GG. Live (L-LGG) and heat-killed (HK-LGG) lactobacilli and their spent culture supernatant (SCS) significantly reduced ( P  <   0·001) GAS invasion efficiency in both assays. No antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus GG against GAS was detected. Both L-LGG and HK-LGG and all prtF1 -positive GAS induced a strong agglutination reaction using Fn-coated particles.
Conclusions:  Lactobacillus GG exerts an antagonistic action against GAS by inhibiting cell invasion. Competitive binding of Lactobacillus GG and GAS to Fn might be involved in the inhibition process.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The finding that Lactobacillus GG can prevent in vitro invasion of respiratory cells by GAS suggests new applications for this probiotic strain and warrants further studies of its capacity to prevent GAS throat infections.     

高迁移率族蛋白1拮抗剂BoxA对血管性痴呆大鼠急性期海马区域神经炎症的抑制作用

目的:探究高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)拮抗剂BoxA脑室立体定向注射对双侧颈总动脉闭塞(2VO)后大鼠海马区域神经炎症(血脑屏障通透性、小胶质细胞的激活以及炎症因子水平等)的抑制作用。方法:60只雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠分为假手术组(即Sham组)、PBS组以及BoxA组(各组n=20),分别在行2VO(n=40,正常手术)或假手术(n=20,仅暴露不结扎)后,立即用BoxA(10μg在10uL PBS溶液中,n=20)或者等体积PBS(n=20)立体定向注射到左侧侧脑室中。造模3 d后,用HMGB1和NeuN免疫荧光双染,western blot观察HMGB1出核现象,伊文思蓝(EB)染色和脑水含量测量评价血脑屏障(BBB)通透性,Iba1免疫荧光染色观察小胶质细胞活化,定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测炎症细胞因子(白介素1β(Interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和白介素6(In-terleukin-6, IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α))的基因表达水平。结果:相比Sham组,PBS组海马CA1亚区HMGB1阳性细胞核(%)以及HMGB1NeuN阳性细胞/HMGB1阳性细胞(%)显著下降(P0.01),而BoxA组以上改变较PBS组部分减少(P0.05)。PBS组EB渗漏、脑含水量均较Sham组显著增加(P0.001),而BoxA组以上指标均较PBS组明显减轻(P0.05)。PBS组Iba1阳性细胞相比Sham组明显增多(P0.01),且炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α)表达显著增高(P0.05);而相比PBS组,BoxA组Iba1阳性细胞表达减少((P0.05),且炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6 and TNF-α表达明显减少(P0.05)。结论:HMGB1抑制剂BoxA立体定向注射能够有效缓解急性期血管性痴呆大鼠海马区域的神经炎症反应。