五年制临床医学专业防原医学课程标准的制定与探索

防原医学是为五年制临床医学专业开设的一门必修的军事医学课程,理解和掌握防原医学知识,是成为具有全面技能的军事医学人才的基础。为了通过本门课程的学习,更好地培养高素质的新型军事医学人才,本文结合第四军医大学五年制临床医学专业学员的培养目标和实际情况,对课程标准的内容制定和实施进行思考,探索课程标准下的防原医学教学模式与方法,旨在进一步提升教学效果,造就新时期军事变革条件下的优秀人民军医。     

Application of oncoproteomics to aberrant signalling networks in changing the treatment paradigm in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Oncoproteomics is an important innovation in the early diagnosis, management and development of personalized treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). As inherent factors are not completely known – e.g. age or family history, radiation exposure, benzene chemical exposure, certain viral exposures such as infection with the human T‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia virus‐1, as well as some inherited syndromes may raise the risk of ALL – each ALL patient may modify the susceptibility of therapy. Indeed, we consider these unknown inherent factors could be explained via coupling cytogenetics plus proteomics, especially when proteins are the ones which play function within cells. Innovative proteomics to ALL therapy may help to understand the mechanism of drug resistance and toxicities, which in turn will provide some leads to improve ALL management. Most important of these are shotgun proteomic strategies to unravel ALL aberrant signalling networks. Some shotgun proteomic innovations and bioinformatic tools for ALL therapies will be discussed. As network proteins are distinctive characteristics for ALL patients, unrevealed by cytogenetics, those network proteins are currently an important source of novel therapeutic targets that emerge from shotgun proteomics. Indeed, ALL evolution can be studied for each individual patient via oncoproteomics.     

Synthesis,development, characterization and effectiveness of bovine pure platelet gel‐collagen‐polydioxanone bioactive graft on tendon healing

Bovine platelet gel (BPG) is an accessible and cost‐effective source of growth factors which may have a value in tendon regenerative medicine. We produced a collagen implant (CI) as a tendon proper, covered it with polydioxanone (PDS) sheath to simulate paratenon and finally embedded the BPG as an active source of growth factor within the bioimplant to test whether BPG would be able to accelerate and enhance tendon regeneration and repair. After in vitro characterization of the bioactive grafts, the grafts were implanted in rabbit large tendon defect model. Untreated tendons and tendons treated with either CI or CI‐PDS were served as controls for the CI‐PDS‐BPG. The animals were investigated clinically, ultrasonographically and haematologically for 120 days. After euthanasia, dry matter content, water uptake and delivery characteristics and also gross morphological, histopathological and scanning electron microscopic features of the healing tendons were assessed. In vitro, the activated platelets in the scaffold, released their growth factors significantly more than the controls. BPG also increased cell viability, and enhanced cellular differentiation, maturation and proliferation inside the CI‐PDS compared with the controls. In vivo, the BPG modulated inflammation, increased quality and rate of fibroplasia and produced a remodelled tendon that had significantly higher collagen content and superior collagen fibril and fibre differentiation than controls. Treatment also significantly improved tendon water uptake and delivery characteristics, animals’ serum PDGF level, CI‐PDS biocompatibility and biodegradability and reduced peritendinous adhesions, muscle fibrosis and atrophy. BPG was effective on tendon healing and CI‐PDS‐BPG may be a valuable bioscaffold in tendon reconstructive surgery.     

Isolation and Characterization of Satellite Cells from Rat Head Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent problems in speech, swallowing, and sucking. In vitro culture systems that allow the study of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) from head muscles are crucial to develop new therapies based on tissue engineering to promote muscle regeneration after surgery. These systems will offer new perspectives for the treatment of cleft palate patients. A protocol for the isolation, culture and differentiation of satellite cells from head muscles is presented. The isolation is based on enzymatic digestion and trituration to release the satellite cells. In addition, this protocol comprises an innovative method using extracellular matrix gel coatings of millimeter size, which requires only low numbers of satellite cells for differentiation assays.     

Restoration of p53/miR-34a regulatory axis decreases survival advantage and ensures Bax-dependent apoptosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma cells

Tumor-suppressive miR-34a, a direct target of p53, has been shown to target several molecules of cell survival pathways. Here, we show that capsaicin-induced oxidative DNA damage culminates in p53 activation to up-regulate expression of miR-34a in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Functional analyses further indicate that restoration of miR-34a inhibits B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein expression to withdraw the survival advantage of these resistant NSCLC cells. In such a proapoptotic cellular milieu, where drug resistance proteins are also down-regulated, p53-transactivated Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial death cascade. Our results suggest that p53/miR-34a regulatory axis might be critical in sensitizing drug-resistant NSCLC cells.     

Individualized medicine 2010

Molecular and cell biology have revolutionized not only diagnosis, therapy and prevention of human diseases but also greatly contributed to the understanding of their pathogenesis. Based on modern molecular and biochemical methods it is possible to identify on the one hand point mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms. On the other hand, using high throughput array technologies, it is possible to analyse thousands of genes or gene products simultaneously, resulting in an individual gene or gene expression profile (signature). These data increasingly allow to define the individual risk for a given disease and to predict the individual prognosis of a disease as well as the efficacy of therapeutic strategies (individualized medicine). In the following sections some of the recent advances of predictive medicine and their clinical relevance will be addressed.     

银耳碱提多糖的纯化、化学表征及其抗氧化作用的研究(英文)

研究银耳孢子发酵物中的多糖类化学成分,并探讨了分离得到的一个多糖组分的抗氧化活性。银耳孢子发酵粉用热水煮提除去水溶性组分后,再采用0.5 mol.L-1的氢氧化钠溶液提取,Sevage法除蛋白,用乙醇沉淀得到粗多糖。粗多糖经DEAE-32-纤维素和Sephadex G-200分离纯化得到分布均一的多糖TFBP-A。糖组成分析显示,TFBP-A单糖组成为:甘露糖:半乳糖:葡萄糖,摩尔比为90∶5∶5;HPGPC测定TFBP-A分子量为58962。TFBP-A的抗氧化活性实验显示:在H2O2引起的红细胞溶血试验中,以蒸馏水抑制率为0%计算,TFBP-A抑制率为78.6%;在超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用实验中,TFBP-A最高抑制率为53%;在清除羟基自由基实验中,TFBP-A的EC50为0.191 mg.mL-1。从银耳孢子发酵物中用碱液提取得到的多糖组分TFBP-A为酸性杂多糖,重均分子量为58962,且具有一定的抗氧化活性。