Protection of peroxide-treated fish erythrocytes by coelenterazine and coelenteramine

European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) erythrocytes treated with tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t -BHP) showed decreasing levels of reduced glutathione, increased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and ultimately underwent haemolysis. The addition of the marine luciferin coelenterazine (CLZn) markedly delayed the onset of the haemolytic process induced by t -BHP as well as lipid peroxidation and glutathione oxidation. CLZn also protected the red blood cells' DNA against t -BHP-triggered damage. CLZn's oxidation product coelenteramine (CLM) also delayed the lysis of the cells as well as the occurrence of oxidative stress indicators but it did not offer protection against DNA damage. Both compounds proved more efficient than the vitamin E analogue Trolox C ® at similar doses. These results demonstrate the ability of CLZn and CLM to protect fish cells against oxidative stress, providing further support to the evolutionary model suggesting that CLZn's first physiological role was that of an antioxidant in fish thriving in surface layers of the ocean, later evolving into its light-emitting function in deep-sea species.     

Effects of antioxidants on surfactant peroxidation by stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Production of oxygen radicals by stimulated phagocytes followed by surfactant lipid peroxidation (LPO) and loss of surfactant function have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. We studied the interactions between natural lung surfactant (Curosurf) and neutrophils in vitro , and compared various antioxidants; (superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin E, vitamin C, ebselen and melatonin), or combinations of them in duplicate and triplicate regarding their ability to decrease superoxide production and the peroxidation level of surfactant caused by activated phagocytes. The superoxide production of neutrophils activated by Candida albicans was measured with the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. The subsequent LPO was estimated as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HNE). We found that lung surfactant decreased the superoxide production by activated neutrophils (29.7%) and that Curosurf was peroxidized with elevated MDA/4-HNE values. With supplements of antioxidants (except vitamin C), superoxide radical production and the surfactant LPO level fell in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect of the antioxidants differed in each test. SOD had a slight effect in both tests. The findings with vitamin E, melatonin and ebselen were similar. The best combination was that of a natural and a synthetic antioxidant (melatonin-ebselen) with a 60% decrease in comparison to the corresponding control. These findings suggest that antioxidants, particularly in combination, prevent LPO of lung surfactant.     

Protective effect of arabic gum against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in mice: a possible mechanism of protection

Arabic gum (AG) is a naturally occurring compound that has been proposed to possess potent antioxidant activity. In this study, the possible effects whereby AG could protect against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in mice were carried out. Administration of single dose of DOX (15 mg/kg, i.p.) induced cardiotoxicity 72 h, manifested biochemically by a significant elevation of serum creatine kinase (CK) (EC 2.7.3.2). In addition, cardiotoxicity was further confirmed by the significant increase in lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA). Administration of AG (25 g/kg) orally for 5 days before and 72 h after DOX injection produced a significant protection against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. This was evidenced by significant reductions in serum CK and cardiac lipid peroxides. The effect of AG was examined on the superoxide anion radical generated by enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods. The results indicate that AG is a potent superoxide scavenger. The superoxide scavenging effect of AG may explain, at least in part, the protective effect of AG against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX.     

脂质体过氧化对DNA的损伤研究

研究了以脂质体为材料的脂质过氧化引起的ＥＮＡ损伤,同时检测了脂质过氧化程度与ＤＮＡ受损情况。结果表明：在脂质体过氧化程度中,ＤＮＡ的增色效应,对核酸酶的敏感程度,ＤＮＡ双链百分含量和ＤＮＡ－溴乙锭复合物的荧光强度随着氧化时间的增加而降低。在四种碱基中,鸟嘌呤损伤最严重。多种自由基清除列实验表明：脂质过氧化所产生的羟基自由基和单线态氧可能是引起ＤＮＡ氧化损伤的重要因素。     

Cadmium effects on lipid metabolism of rape (Brassica napus L.)

Treatment of rape seedlings with increasing CdCl₂ concentrations in the culture medium resulted in a cadmium accumulation within plant tissues, which increased with external metal dose; such accumulation was more important in roots than in leaves. Biomass production was severely inhibited, even at low cadmium concentration. In leaves, quantities of chloroplastic lipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfolipids (SL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) decreased sharply under metallic treatment. However, contents of extrachloroplastic lipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) increased significantly. In contrast to leaves, contents of root phospholipids decreased. Likewise, levels of tri-unsaturated fatty acids: linolenic (C18:3) and hexadecatrienoïc (C16:3) dropped in leaves of treated seedlings as compared to those of controls, suggesting that heavy metals induced an alteration in the fatty acid desaturation process or a stimulation of their peroxidation. Also, trans palmitoleic acid (C16:1-trans) level in PG decreased considerably. In roots, there was a slight decrease in C18:3 level, with a concomitant increase in the C18:2 percentage. Radioactive labelling of leaf lipids with (1-¹⁴C) acetate allowed to show that fatty acid biosynthesis was noticeably altered at the highest cadmium dose used (50 μM). Biosynthesis of tri-unsaturated fatty acids was also inhibited which may explain the decline in non-labelled lipid contents. Results showed that metallic ion seems to affect selectively chloroplastic membranes due to an inhibition of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, a lipid peroxidation occurred in our case because of the spectacular increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content observed in cadmium treated leaves. To cite this article: N. Ben Youssef et al., C. R. Biologies 328 (2005).     

Lipid peroxidation in the presence of albumin, inhibitory and prooxidative effects

Oxidative modifications of LDL are involved in atherogenesis. Previously we have developed a simple assay to evaluate the susceptibility of lipids to copper-induced peroxidation in the relatively natural milieu of unfractionated serum in the presence of excess citrate. Based on our previous results we have proposed that the inducer of peroxidation in our optimized assay is a copper-citrate complex. Recent investigations indicate that under certain conditions a copper-albumin complex may induce peroxidation of ascorbate. Two different complexes may be formed in albumin-containing systems (e.g. serum) namely 1:1 and 2:1 copper-albumin complexes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the possibility that at least one of these complexes may be responsible for the induction of peroxidation of lipids in lipidic systems containing copper and albumin, including our optimized assay. Towards this end, we have investigated the dependence of copper-induced peroxidation on the concentration of added albumin in lipidic systems in the absence and presence of citrate. In all the systems investigated in this study (PLPC liposomes, LDL, HDL and mixtures of HDL and LDL) we found that at low concentrations of free copper (e.g. in the presence of excess citrate) the 2:1 copper-albumin complex is redox-active and that this complex is the major contributor to the initiation of lipid peroxidation in these systems and in our optimized assay. The possible relevance of the induction of peroxidation in vivo by the latter complex has yet to be studied. *This work was performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Ph.D. degree of Dorit Samocha-Bonet, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.     

大鼠失血性休克后过氧化反应与肠粘膜损伤的关系

目的观察失血性休克后肠道损伤情况与过氧化反应和TNF、IL-6的变化.方法利用太鼠失血性休克模型(30mmHg、70min),在复苏后0、2、6、12、24、和48h检测血液和小肠组织的过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、TNF和IL-6含量,以及小肠的病理改变和肠道菌移位情况.结果大鼠血清MDA值在复苏后0～2h升高,SOD活性多数时间点均升高;小肠MDA值在0～24h升高,SOD活性0～12h降低.血清TNF含量在6～48h升高;小肠在0～12h升高.IL～6含量无明显变化.小肠粘膜在复苏后2h有明显的上皮脱落,6～12h,可见细菌侵入粘膜层,6～48h,在肠系膜淋巴结等脏器中检出肠道菌.结论大鼠失血性休克后肠粘膜SOD合成能力的降低或活性抑制可能是加重局部损伤的机制之一.在休克复苏早期TNF值的升高与肠道内该因子的大量释放有关.     

The Aegean Sea oil spill on the Galician Coast (NW Spain). III:The assessment of long-term sublethal effects on mussels

Several biomarkers of exposure to organic pollutants, namely the cytochrome P450 system, glutathione S-transferases, superoxide dismutase, DT-diaphorase and lipid peroxidation, were measured on mussels collected in five locations along the Galician Coast (NW Spain), 6, 9 and 12 months after the Aegean Sea oil spill. Among the studied biomarkers, a significant induction of the cytochrome P450 content and lipid peroxidation, determined as tissue concentration of malondialdehyde equivalents, was detected in mussels collected near the wreck point 6 months after the spillage. Thereafter, no significant differences between reference and polluted sites were detected. Nevertheless, the data suggest the existence of oxidative stress in mussel populations during the September-December samplings. A significant elevation of superoxide dismutase activity was detected in September-9 months after the accident-and this elevation was particularly evident in those stations located closest to the wreck point. Lipid peroxidation increased throughout the year and despite the existence of a strong seasonal effect, the whole data set was correlated with total PAH body burden (R= 0.56).     

Acrolein Modifies and Inhibits Cytosolic Aspartate Aminotransferase

Acrolein is a reactive lipid peroxidation byproduct, which is found in ischemic tissue. We examined the effects of acrolein on cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (cAAT), which is an enzyme that was previously shown to be inhibited by glycating agents. cAAT is thought to protect against ischemic injury. We observed that acrolein cross-linked cAAT subunits as evidenced by the presence of high molecular weight bands following SDS-PAGE. Acrolein-modified cAAT resisted thermal denaturation when compared with native cAAT. We also observed a decrease in intrinsic fluorescence (290 nm, ex; 380 nm, em). These observations are consistent with an acrolein-induced change in conformation that is more rigid and compact than native cAAT, suggesting that intramolecular cross-links occurred. Acrolein also inhibited activity, and the inhibition of enzyme activity correlated with the acrolein-induced formation of cAAT cross-links.     

The Aegean Sea oil spill on the Galician Coast (NW Spain). III:The assessment of long-term sublethal effects on mussels

Several biomarkers of exposure to organic pollutants, namely the cytochrome P450 system, glutathione S-transferases, superoxide dismutase, DT-diaphorase and lipid peroxidation, were measured on mussels collected in five locations along the Galician Coast (NW Spain), 6, 9 and 12 months after the Aegean Sea oil spill. Among the studied biomarkers, a significant induction of the cytochrome P450 content and lipid peroxidation, determined as tissue concentration of malondialdehyde equivalents, was detected in mussels collected near the wreck point 6 months after the spillage. Thereafter, no significant differences between reference and polluted sites were detected. Nevertheless, the data suggest the existence of oxidative stress in mussel populations during the September-December samplings. A significant elevation of superoxide dismutase activity was detected in September-9 months after the accident-and this elevation was particularly evident in those stations located closest to the wreck point. Lipid peroxidation increased throughout the year and despite the existence of a strong seasonal effect, the whole data set was correlated with total PAH body burden (R= 0.56).