产紫青霉中β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的诱导表达

针对产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum)Li-3发酵生产β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶存在的碳代谢阻遏现象,研究β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的高效诱导表达策略。在发酵条件优化的基础上,建立了新的产酶诱导工艺:葡萄糖的初始质量浓度5 g/L,在葡萄糖耗尽时加入20%诱导剂(10 g/L GL+1.2%Tween80)进行诱导,每24 h添加1次诱导剂,诱导72 h后立即转到40℃摇床发酵48 h。采用该工艺进行发酵,菌体出现了"二次生长"现象,比酶活从647.99 U/mL提高至2 356 U/mL,提高了近3倍。     

Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in sago starch from Papua New Guinea

AIMS: To assay sago starch from Papua New Guinea (PNG) for important mycotoxins and to test fungal isolates from sago for mycotoxin production in culture. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sago starch collected from Western and East Sepik Provinces was assayed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin, citrinin and zearalenone and all 51 samples were negative. Frequently isolated species of Penicillium (13), Aspergillus (five) and Fusarium (one) were cultured on wheat grain, and tested for the production of ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, patulin and penicillic acid. All 12 isolates of P. citrinin and one of two A. flavipes isolates produced citrinin. A single isolate of A. versicolor produced sterigmatocystin. No other mycotoxins were detected in these cultures. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was found of systemic mycotoxin contamination of sago starch. However, the isolation of several mycotoxigenic fungi shows the potential for citrinin and other mycotoxins to be produced in sago stored under special conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Sago starch is the staple carbohydrate in lowland PNG and the absence of mycotoxins in freshly prepared sago starch is a positive finding. However, the frequent isolation of citrinin-producing fungi indicates a potential health risk for sago consumers, and food safety is dependant on promoting good storage practices.     

Engineering of NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium citrinum</Emphasis> by directed evolution to improve thermostability and enantioselectivity

Penicillium citrinum β-keto ester reductase (KER) can catalyze the reduction of methyl 4-bromo-3-oxobutyrate (BAM) to methyl (S)-4-bromo-3-hydroxybutyrate with high optical purity. To improve the thermostability of KER, protein engineering was performed using error-prone polymerase chain reaction-based random mutagenesis. Variants with the highest levels of thermostability contained the single amino acid substitutions L54Q, K245R, and N271D. The engineered L54Q variant of KER retained 62% of its initial activity after heat treatment at 30°C for 6 h, whereas wild-type KER showed only 15% activity. The L54Q substitution also conferred improved enantioselectivity by KER. An Escherichia coli cell biocatalyst that overproduced the L54Q mutant of KER and glucose dehydrogenase as a cofactor regeneration enzyme showed the highest level of BAM reduction in a water/butyl acetate two-phase system.     

Effect of some essential oils on mycelial growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium digitatum</Emphasis> Sacc.

The antifungal action of four essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove) and Salvia officinalis (sage) was tested in vitro against Penicillium digitatum Sacc. Direct contact and vapour phase were used to test the antifungal activity of these essential oils against P. digitatum that is responsible for green mould rot of citrus fruits. The vapour phase and direct contact of clove and thyme essential oils exhibited the strongest toxicity and totally inhibited the mycelial growth of the test fungus. Thyme and clove essential oils completely inhibited P. digitatum growth either when added into the medium 600 μl l⁻¹ or by their volatiles with 24 μl per 8 cm diameter Petri dish. In in vitro mycelial growth assay showed fungistatic and fungicidal activity by clove and thyme essential oils. Sage and fennel oils did not show any inhibitory activity on this fungus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to study the mode of action of clove oil in P. digitatum and it was observed that treatment with the oil leads to large alterations in hyphal morphology.     

PcMtr, an aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease of Penicillium chrysogenum

The gene encoding an aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease of Penicillium chrysogenum was cloned, functionally expressed and characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae M4276. The permease, designated PcMtr, is structurally and functionally homologous to Mtr of Neurospora crassa, and unrelated to the Amino Acid Permease (AAP) family which includes most amino acid permeases in fungi. Database searches of completed fungal genome sequences reveal that Mtr type permeases are not widely distributed among fungi, suggesting a specialized function.     

纤维素降解菌L-06的筛选、鉴定及其产酶条件的分析

从用于堆肥的水稻秸秆中初筛出一株高效纤维素降解菌L-06, 根据18S rRNA基因序列和菌株形态分析, 初步鉴定该菌为斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)。研究了液体发酵培养基中氮源、碳源、表面活性剂、培养温度、起始pH以及接种量对该菌株各纤维素酶活力的影响。在最适条件下, 该菌的b-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)、外切纤维素酶(CBH)于培养第3天酶活力分别达到1662 u/mL和2770 u/mL; 内切纤维素酶(EG)、滤纸糖化力(FPase)于培养第4天酶活力分别达到18064 u/mL和4035 u/mL。在产酶优化实验中, 该菌的EG和CBH在pH10的培养条件下分别保持了70%和43%的酶活性; 在50oC培养条件下EG和CBH分别保持了68%和59%的酶活性。表现出了耐热, 耐碱的特性。     

三种拮抗酵母菌对苹果采后青霉病的抑制效果

从苹果果实上分离获得的50余种酵母菌中筛选出了能够有效地抑制苹果青霉病（Peniclium expansum Link)的丝孢酵母（Trichosporon pullulans(Lindner.)Diddens and Lodder)。罗伦隐球酵母（Cryptococcus laurentii(Kuffer.)skin-ner)和粘红酵母（Rhodotorula glutinis(Fresen.)F.C.Harrison)。其中,抑病效果最好的T.pullulans是一种用于采后果实生物防治的新型拮抗菌,研究了这三种拮抗菌不同浓度处理和外加营养物质以及与钙配合使用对苹果青霉病的抑病效果。实验结果表明;酵母菌浓度越高,抑病作用越强;外源营养物质的加入削弱了酵母菌的拮抗效果;在C.laurentii的细胞悬浮液中加入0.18mol/L的CaCl2能显著提高其抑病能力。但增加CaCl2对T.pullulans和R.glutinis的抑病效果却没有明显作用。     

激光诱变青霉PT95原生质体选育类胡萝卜素高产菌株

采用激光对青霉PT95菌株的原生质体进行了诱变处理,选育到一株菌核生物量和类胡萝卜素含量均有显提高的突变菌株L05。与出发菌株相比,L05菌株的菌核生物量提高了98.6%,菌核中的类胡萝卜素含量提高了28.3%,在查氏平板上的类胡萝卜素产率提高了154.0%。所选育的L05菌株经3次传代培养,菌落没有发生扇形变异,菌核生物量和类胡萝卜素含量没有明显改变,说明该菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

Molecular phylogeny of four selected species of the strictly anamorphic genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thysanophora</Emphasis> using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences

To estimate the phylogenetic position of the strictly anamorphic genus Thysanophora among the class Ascomycetes sensu Kirk et al. and to examine the phylogenetic relationships among T. penicillioides and other Thysanophora species, 18S and 28S rDNA (D1 and D2 regions) sequences of 22 strains of four known and two unidentified Thysanophora species were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. The 18S rDNA analysis suggested that all Thysanophora species examined were members of Eurotiomycetidae, Eurotiales, Trichocomaceae. The 28S rDNA analysis indicated that these species were clustered together with Chromocleista, Eupenicillium, Geosmithia, and Penicillium assignable to three subgenera – Aspergilloides, Furcatum, and Penicillium. In the Eupenicillium lineage, a monophyly of T. penicillioides, T. longispora, T. taxi, T. canadensis, and T. cf. canadensis was supported by comparatively high bootstrap values. However, the ex-type strain and two strains of T. longispora isolated in Japan were of different phylogenetic positions. Thysanophora sp. was positioned at the base of the Thysanophora clade, although it was not supported by significant bootstrap values. From the results of this study, we consider that two anamorphic genera, Penicillium and Thysanophora, are clearly distinct in morphology but that they are not phylogenetically separable. Received: August 13, 2001 / Accepted: January 11, 2002