Dissolved and particulate carbon and nitrogen fluxes along a Phytophthora agathidicida infection gradient in a kauri (Agathis australis) dominated forest

Kauri dieback, caused by Phytophthora agathidicida, is an emergent threat to the ecologically unique and carbon-rich kauri (Agathis australis) forests in New Zealand. Our main aim was to assess the effect of kauri dieback on canopy and forest floor dissolved and particulate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes. Throughfall and stemflow collectors and free-draining lysimeters were deployed underneath the canopy of ten kauri trees differing in their soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration and visual health status and sampled weekly to monthly over 1 y. Throughfall and forest floor dissolved C and N fluxes decreased significantly with increasing soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration which may be related to changes in leaf chemistry, leachable kauri leaf surface area and uptake of N by the understory vegetation. The observed alteration in dissolved and particulate C and N fluxes under P. agathidicida infected kauri trees could lead to long-term changes in biogeochemical processes (e.g. mineralization, nutrient availability) in these ecologically unique kauri forests.     

阴道彩色多普勒对妇科盆腔肿瘤闭孔淋巴转移的诊断

目的:探究经阴道彩色多普勒超声对妇科盆腔肿瘤闭孔淋巴转移的诊断价值。方法:选择2013年1月至2014年12月到我院进行子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴清扫术的妇科盆腔肿瘤患者86例作为研究对象,按照手术的先后顺序将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组43例。观察组患者采用经阴道彩色多普勒超声对患者闭孔淋巴结是否转移进行检查,对照组采用B超对患者闭孔淋巴结是否转移进行检查,比较两组患者检查的准确性。结果:观察组患者检查结果中显示,转移的为14例,无转移的为29例,与病理检查结果比较无显著统计学差异(P0.05),对照组患者检查结果中显示,转移的为5例,无转移的为36例,与病理检查结果比较具有显著统计学差异(P0.05),观察组患者检查的正确率为95.3%,而对照组检查的正确率仅为81.4%,两组比较具有显著统计学差异(u=4.0737,P=0.0436),观察组患者检查后的满意率为90.7%,而对照组的满意率为79.1%,两组比较具有显著统计学差异(u=2.7051,P=0.0068)。结论:经阴道彩色多普勒超声对妇科盆腔肿瘤闭孔淋巴转移的诊断准确性高,具有较高的临床参考价值。     

3D finite element modeling of pelvic organ prolapse

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to develop a validated 3D finite element model of the pelvic floor system which can offer insights into the mechanics of anterior vaginal wall prolapse and have the ability to assess biomedical device treatment methods. The finite element results should accurately mimic the clinical findings of prolapse due to intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and soft tissues impairment conditions. Methods: A 3D model of pelvic system was created in Creo Parametric 2.0 based on MRI Images, which included uterus, cervix, vagina, cardinal ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, and a simplified levator plate and rectum. The geometrical model was imported into ANSYS Workbench 14.5. Mechanical properties of soft tissues were based on experimental data of tensile test results from current literature. Studies were conducted for IAP loadings on the vaginal wall and uterus, increasing from lowest to extreme values. Results: Anterior vaginal wall collapse occurred at an IAP value corresponding to maximal valsalva and showed similar collapsed shape as clinical findings. Prolapse conditions exhibited high sensitivity to vaginal wall stiffness, whereas healthy tissues was found to support the vagina against prolapse. Ligament impairment was found to have only a secondary effect on prolapse.     

Dynamic Material Flow Analysis for Strategic Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Beijing

Of all materials extracted from the earth's crust, the construction sector uses 50%, producing huge amounts of construction and demolition waste (CDW). In Beijing, presently 35 million metric tons per year (megatonnes/year [Mt/yr]) of CDW are generated. This amount is expected to grow significantly when the first round of mass buildings erected in the 1990s starts to be demolished. In this study, a dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) is conducted for Beijing's urban housing system, with the demand for the stock of housing floor area taken as the driver. The subsequent effects on construction and demolition flows of housing floor area and the concurrent consumption and waste streams of concrete are investigated for Beijing from 1949 and projected through 2050. The per capita floor area (PCFA) is a key factor shaping the material stock of housing. Observations in Beijing, the Netherlands, and Norway indicate that PCFA has a strong correlation with the local gross domestic product (GDP). The lifetime of dwellings is one of the most important variables influencing future CDW generation. Three scenarios, representing the current trend extension, high GDP growth, and lengthening the lifetime of dwellings, are analyzed. The simulation results show that CDW will rise, unavoidably. A higher growth rate of GDP and the consequent PCFA will worsen the situation in the distant future. Prolonging the lifetime of dwellings can postpone the arrival of the peak CDW. From a systematic view, recycling is highly recommended for long‐term sustainable CDW management.     

关闭盆底腹膜在腹腔镜直肠癌Miles根治术中的意义

目的:探究关闭盆底腹膜在腹腔镜直肠癌Miles根治术中的意义。方法:选取2012年3月至2014年3月我院治疗的拟行腹腔镜直肠癌Miles根治术患者48例,按随机数字法分为观察组和对照组各24例,观察组在腹腔镜Miles根治术后关闭盆底腹膜,而对照组则不关闭。比较两组手术时间、骶前引流总量、切口感染率及肠梗阻发生率。结果:观察组的手术时间较对照组长(t=5.207,P=0.000),但两组的骶前引流总量、切口感染率和肠梗阻发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.210、1.000、0.602)。观察组术后分别有3例(12.50%),对照组有2例(8.33%)患者因肿瘤复发而采取放射治疗,其中仅对照组2例患者出现放射性小肠炎。结论:是否关闭盆底腹膜在腹腔镜直肠癌Miles根治术术后疗效差异不大,但关闭盆底腹膜可有效预防术后放射性治疗中放射性小肠炎的发生。     

Effects of shielding on pelvic and abdominal IORT dose distributions

PurposeTo study the impact of shielding elements in the proximity of Intra-Operative Radiation Therapy (IORT) irradiation fields, and to generate graphical and quantitative information to assist radiation oncologists in the design of optimal shielding during pelvic and abdominal IORT.MethodAn IORT system was modeled with BEAMnrc and EGS++ Monte Carlo codes. The model was validated in reference conditions by gamma index analysis against an experimental data set of different beam energies, applicator diameters, and bevel angles. The reliability of the IORT model was further tested considering shielding layers inserted in the radiation beam. Further simulations were performed introducing a bone-like layer embedded in the water phantom. The dose distributions were calculated as 3D dose maps.ResultsThe analysis of the resulting 2D dose maps parallel to the clinical axis shows that the bevel angle of the applicator and its position relative to the shielding have a major influence on the dose distribution. When insufficient shielding is used, a hotspot nearby the shield appears near the surface. At greater depths, lateral scatter limits the dose reduction attainable with shielding, although the presence of bone-like structures in the phantom reduces the impact of this effect.ConclusionsDose distributions in shielded IORT procedures are affected by distinct contributions when considering the regions near the shielding and deeper in tissue: insufficient shielding may lead to residual dose and hotspots, and the scattering effects may enlarge the beam in depth. These effects must be carefully considered when planning an IORT treatment with shielding.     

Prevention of Salmonella cross-contamination in an oilmeal manufacturing plant

AIMS: The mechanisms of Salmonella contamination in an oilmeal plant were investigated and the basic data were collected in order to achieve control of Salmonella in oilmeal. METHODS AND RESULTS: Salmonella was detected in all contamination vectors and environmental factors investigated, namely: operators, processing floor, dust in the air and rodents. In particular, high concentrations of Salmonella were detected on the processing floor of the manufacturing area, which has high oil content. Steam was the most effective disinfection method used for the processing floor, as the effects of heat sterilization and disinfection may work in tandem. In addition, restricting the movement of operators of the production chain remarkably reduced Salmonella contamination, even in areas of otherwise high contamination. CONCLUSIONS: Within the oilmeal plant, high Salmonella contamination rates for the processing floor represent the greatest risk of contamination of oilmeal via operators, dust in the air and rodents. Therefore, control of the processing floor is the most important means for reducing the oilmeal contamination rate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Specific Salmonella control methods for oilmeal plants have been established.     

中西医结合治疗慢性盆腔炎102 例临床观察

目的：观察中西医结合治疗慢性盆腔炎的临床疗效．方法：将102例患者随机分为2组,治疗组52例,中药＋抗生素治疗;对照组50例;用抗生素治疗。两组均治疗10天为1个疗程。结果：治疗组总有效率86．54％;对照组总有效率50．00％（两组总有效率比较,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：中西医结合治疗慢性盆腔炎疗效显著。     

盆底重建术对盆腔器官脱垂患者生活质量的影响

目的:探讨盆底重建术对盆腔器官脱垂患者生活质量的影响。方法:选取2010年12月到2012年10月期间我院妇科46例盆腔器官脱垂患者,随机平均分为观察组与对照组,观察组予全盆底重建术治疗,对照组予传统阴式手术治疗,手术前后应用盆底功能障碍问卷PFDI-7及PFDI-20、性生活质量问卷POSQ对两组患者的生活质量进行评估。结果:两组术后PFDI-7及PFDI-20评分显著低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且观察组术后PFDI-7评分及PFDI-20评分均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与传统阴式手术相比,全盆底重建术术后患者生活质量有很大提高,对性生活影响较小,值得临床推广。     

基因多态性在盆底器官脱垂中的研究进展

盆底器官脱垂（Pelvic Organ Prolapse,POP）是遗传和环境因素共同作用引起的中老年妇女常见病,其发病率逐年上升。目前,环境因素已基本明确,而遗传因素尚未阐明。近年来,由于基因分型及遗传基因鉴定技术的快速发展,以及对盆底器官脱垂的群体调查及家系分析的增加,盆腔脏器脱垂的遗传研究有一定的进展,本文就其在基因多态性方面的发现做一综述。