In vitro study on the effect of cytokines and auxins addition to growth medium on the micropropagation and rooting of Paulownia species (Paulownia hybrid and Paulownia tomentosa)

This study represents an efficient preliminary protocol for in vitro mass production of two Paulownia species (Paulownia hybrid and Paulownia tomentosa) seedlings by using seed explant. Different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) or Kinetin (Kin) (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 mg/L) were tested during multiplication stage. The number of shoots/explants was significantly increased with increasing either BA or Kin concentration; however, the shoot length significantly decreased. Data show that media fortified by BA (10 mg/L) combined with indole butyric acid (IBA) at 1.0 or 1.5 mg/L recorded the highest number of shoots/explant (9.13 and 9.25, respectively). After six weeks during the multiplication stage, data cleared that media fortified by benzyladenine (10 mg/L) combined with IBA at 0.5 mg/L recorded the highest shoot length (3.23 cm). The inclusion of indole butyric acid (IBA) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 1.0–1.5 mg/L to the medium significantly increased the number of roots/plantlets and the highest root length. The results indicated that IBA supplementation was more effective than NAA for in vitro rooting of both Paulownia species. The best treatment for multiplication was 10 mg/L and 8.0–10 mg/L BA for P. hybrid and P. tomentosa, respectively. Peat moss and sand (1:1, v/v) or peat moss and sand (1:2, v/v) were investigated as soil mixture during the adaptation stage. The results referred that Paulownia species plantlets were successfully survived (100 %) in soil mixture contained peat moss: sand (1:2, v/v). This mixture recorded the highest values of plantlet height and number of leaves/plantlets.     

主要气候、土壤因素对兰考泡桐生长影响的初步研究

本文借助树木气候学,树木年代学的研究方法,经典林木研究手段和个体生态学理论相结合,对兰考泡桐进行了初步研究,结果发现,材积指数更能反映兰考泡桐生长和生态因素之间的关系,发现日照百分率、日照时数、≥10℃积温、土壤质地、土层深度和土壤肥力等因素对兰考泡桐生长影响较大,另外还对兰考泡桐速生条件进行了较为广泛的讨论,证明兰考泡桐在黄淮海平原中部大有发展前途,农桐间作、农田林网是一种合理的群落类型。     

Direct somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed production from<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Paulownia elongata</Emphasis>

We have developed a reproducible system for efficient direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf and internodal explants of Paulownia elongata. The somatic embryos obtained were subsequently encapsulated as single embryos to produce synthetic seeds. Several plant growth regulators [6-benzylaminopurine, indole-3-acetic acid, -naphthaleneacetic acid, kinetin and thidiazuron (TDZ)] alone or in combination were tested for their capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis. The highest induction frequencies of somatic embryos were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.6% Phytagel, 500 mg l^-1 casein hydrolysate and 10 mg l^-1 TDZ (medium MS10). Somatic embryos were induced from leaf (69.8%) and internode (58.5%) explants on MS10 medium after 7 days. Subsequent withdrawal of TDZ from the induction medium resulted in the maturation and growth of the embryos into plantlets on MS basal media. The maturation frequency of somatic embryos from leaf and internodal explants was 50.8% and 45.8%, respectively. Subculturing of mature embryos led to their germination on the same medium with a germination frequency of 50.1% and 29.8% from leaf and internode explants, respectively. Somatic embryos obtained directly on leaf explants were used for encapsulation in liquid MS medium containing different concentrations of sodium alginate with a 30-min exposure to 50 mM CaCl₂. A 3% sodium alginate concentration provided a uniform encapsulation of the embryos with survival and germination frequencies of 73.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Storage at 4°C for 30 days or 60 days significantly reduced the survival and complete germination frequencies of both encapsulated and non-encapsulated embryos relative to those of non-stored somatic embryos. However, the survival and germination rates of encapsulated embryos increased following storage at 4°C. After 30 days or 60 days of storage, the survival rates of encapsulated embryos were 67.8% and 53.5% and the germination frequencies were 43.2% and 32.4%, respectively. These systems could be useful for the rapid clonal propagation and dissemination of synthetic seed material of Paulownia elongata.Abbreviations BAP 6-Benzylaminopurine - IAA Indole-3-acetic acid - NAA -Naphthaleneacetic acid - TDZ ThidiazuronCommunicated by H. Lörz     

泡桐属植物染色体数目和形态的初步研究

本文报道了毛泡桐,白花泡桐和兰考泡桐的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=40。这与已报道的紫葳科大多数木本植物染色体数目是一致的,而与玄参科的大部分届不同。结合形态特征,认为将泡桐属归于紫葳科可能是更为合理的。并对白花泡桐和兰考泡桐的核型进行了初步分析。     

小麦×长穗偃麦草的受精和早期胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）和长穗偃麦草（Ｅｌｙｔｒｉｇｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）杂交的受精和早期胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,长穗偃麦草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的１７０个小麦子房中,１７６５％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;９４１％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;４７１％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为３１７７％;成胚率为２７０６％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为小麦与长穗偃麦草远缘杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

The biosynthesis of ectoine

Abstract The biosynthetic pathway of the novel compatible solute ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidine carboxylic acid) was studied in the two extremely halophilic eubacteria Ectothiorhodospira halochloris and Halomonas elongata . The pathway starts with the phosphorylation of l -aspartate and shares its first two enzymatic steps with the biosynthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family: aspartokinase and l -aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Evidence is presented for the presence of the enzymes l -diaminobutyric acid transaminase and l -diaminobutyric acid acetyl transferase and for the new enzyme the ring-forming ectoine synthase.     

Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa,Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

The morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. isolated from mussel‐farming waters near Qingdao, China, are described based on living and protargol‐impregnated specimens. Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from its known congeners by its elongate body shape, narrow oral field, having fewer dorsal kineties and caudal cirri, more marginal cirri, and differentiated pretransverse cirri. The identification as a new species is firmly supported by the sequences of the small subunit ribosomal rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene, compared with other known Pseudoamphisiella species, and the phylogenetic analysis. The morphogenetic characteristics can be summarized as follows: (1) the parental adoral zone of membranelles and undulating membranes are entirely rebuilt by the oral primordium, which develops de novo in the outermost region of the cortex; (2) the oral primordium in the opisthe and the frontoventral–transverse (FVT) anlagen in both dividers are formed independently on the cell surface; (3) an ‘extra’ marginal anlage originates to the right of the right marginal anlage, and develops into two or three ‘extra’ marginal cirri; (4) the FVT anlagen develop in the primary mode, and the last FVT streak contributes two migratory cirri (frontoterminal cirri), which are probably resorbed; (5) the right marginal anlagen in both dividers occur close together, independent of the old structure. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158 , 231–243.     

锌、镉及其复合胁迫下白花泡桐幼苗的生理及富集特征

采用水培培养的试验方法,研究白花泡桐幼苗在锌 (Zn)、镉 (Cd) 单一及复合胁迫下的生理生化响应及对重金属的富集、转移特征变化。结果表明,单一及复合重金属胁迫下,白花泡桐的生物量、株高及过氧化物酶 (Peroxidase,POD) 活性均随处理浓度的增加而降低。在复合污染下,Zn、Cd在植株的株高及生物量上表现出拮抗作用。与对照比,单一胁迫下,随着Zn浓度的增加,白花泡桐叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (Catalase,CAT) 活性先增加后减小,超氧化物歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase,SOD) 活性升高,地上部丙二醛 (Malondialdehyde,MDA) 含量先减小后增加;随着Cd浓度的增加,叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性升高,超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性及地上部丙二醛 (MDA) 含量先增加后减小,复合胁迫下,则表现出更加复杂的生理响应。白花泡桐幼苗对Cd的富集部位集中在根部;对Zn的富集部位集中在地上部,且转移系数大于1.00;Zn的加入会促进重金属向地上部分的转移;白花泡桐具有对复合重金属污染地进行有效的生态恢复的潜力。     

Transposon mutagenesis in halophilic eubacteria: conjugal transfer and insertion of transposon Tn5 and Tn1732 in Halomonas elongata

Abstract Molecular genetic studies of halophilic eubacteria have been limited by the lack of a suitable method for mutagenesis. To overcome this, we established a transposon mutagenesis procedure for the ectoine-producing, halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata . We used suicide plasmids pSUP101 and pSUP102-Gm to introduce the transposons Tn5 and Tn7732 respectively into H. elongata via Escherichia coli SM10 mediated conjugation. Our finding that H. elongata is sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics at low salinity enabled us to apply transposons that mediate kanamycin resistance. The insertions of transposon In 1732 occurred at different sites in the chromosome of H. elongata , as proved by Southern hybridization analysis. Phenotypic analysis revealed that different auxotrophic and salt sensitive mutants were generated by mutagenesis with transposon Tn 1732 . To our knowledge this is the first report of a successful application of a transposon for direct generalized mutagenesis in a halophilic eubacterium.     

空桐树的化学成分研究(英文)

从空桐树(Paulownia kawakamii)首次提取分离出7个化合物,经波谱分析和化学反应,分别鉴定为α-lapachone(1)、9-hydroxy-α-lapachone(2)、黄钟花醌(3)、芝麻素(4)、泡桐素(5)、谷甾醇棕榈酸脂(6)和β-谷甾醇(7).