克隆哺乳动物的一些进展

克隆哺乳动物的一些进展陈秀兰（中国科学院遗传研究所,北京１００１０１）ＲｅｃｅｎｔＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｉｎＭａｍｍａｌｉａｎＣｌｏｎｉｎｇＣｈｅｎＸｉｕｌａｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｎｅｔｉｃｓ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｂｅｉ...     

Inheritance, distribution and biology of andromonoecy in the agamic complex of the Maximae (Panicoideae)

 Panicum maximum belongs to the agamic complex of the Maximae Panicoideae) which includes two other species, P. infestum Anders., P. trichocladum K. Schum., and several morphologically intermediate types. Andromonoecy and hermaphroditism have been recorded in this complex, but their distribution depends on the species, the level of ploidy, the mode of reproduction and the geographical origin. In particular, hermaphroditism appears to exist only in polyploid apomicts of the species P. maximum and was more frequent in maritime regions. Andromonoecy showed a monogenic and recessive inheritance. In andromonoecious plants, flowering of the male flower occurred later than that of the hermaphrodite flower within the spikelet. This flowering discrepancy varied between clones in respect of both mean and variance. All results are discussed in terms of the evolutionary process involved. Received: 15 July 1998 / Accepted: 13 August 1998     

Root Growth of the Annual Tillering Grass Panicum miliaceum in Heterogeneous Nutrient Environments (in English)

To study growth responses of the roots of Panicum miliaceum L. to heterogeneous supply of nutrients. The authors analyzed the effects of the nutrient levels in both original patches (O) and destination patches (D) on the root growth of P. miliaceum when its roots were allowed to extend from original patch into destination patch. When the nutrient levels in the original patches were low, coarse root biomass ratio (coarse root biomass in the D/total coarse root biomass), coarse root length ratio (coarse root length in the D/total coarse root length), coarse root surface area ratio (coarse root surface area in the D/total coarse root surface area) and fine root length ratio (fine root length in the D/total fine root length) were greater in the destination patches with lower nutrient levels than in the destination patches with higher nutrient levels, while fine root length, fine root length density, fine root surface index, and fine root surface area density were smaller in the former than in the latter. When the nutrient levels in the original patches were high, fine root length, fine root length density, fine root surface area index and fine root surface density were greater in the destination patches with lower nutrient levels than in the destination patches with higher nutrient levels, coarse roots did not respond to the nutrient levels in the destination patches significantly. When the roots extended from the original patches with the same nutrient level into the destination patches with contrasting nutrient levels, fine root biomass and its percentage allocation did not respond to the nutrient levels in the destination patches significantly, whereas both root length and root surface area did. This indicates that the fine roots of P. miliaceum responded to difference in nutrient supply by plasticity in their length and surface area, rather than in their root biomass.     

Contribution of Oxidative Stress to the Development of Cold-Induced Damage to Leaves of Chilling-Sensitive Plants: 3. Injury of Cell Membranes by Chilling Temperatures

Changes in permeability of cell membranes (judged from electrolyte leakage) were examined on leaves of 7- to 11-day-old seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and on etiolated shoots of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) immediately after cooling plants for 1–24 h at 2°C and one day after a 24-h chilling treatment. A gradually increasing leakage of ions from the cells was observed upon prolongation of chilling exposure, with the maximum attained by the end of 24-h chilling treatment. The leakage of electrolyte was slightly reduced in the post-treatment period but it was still higher than the electrolyte leakage from the control samples (untreated plants). The cold treatment of chilling-sensitive plants (but not of potato) revealed a positive correlation between the rates of lipid peroxidation, indicative of chilling injury, and the electrolyte efflux (r = 0.61–0.96). The evaluation of plant susceptibility to injury showed that millet and potato plants recovered from the chilling damage in 24 h after the treatment, whereas maize and cucumber plants did not show such a recovery.     

Contribution of Oxidative Stress to the Development of Cold-Induced Damage to Leaves of Chilling-Sensitive Plants: 1. Reactive Oxygen Species Formation during Plant Chilling

Changes in the levels of superoxide anion radical and total peroxides were studied immediately after the chilling of 7–11-day-old seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and etiolated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) shoots at 2°C for 1–24 h and one day after 24-h chilling. A short-term (1 h) chilling of chilling-sensitive plants resulted in the 2.4–7.5-fold acceleration of the O^– ₂ generation. A longer chilling period reduced somewhat the rate of O^– ₂ generation, but this rate did not achieve the control level. The highest level of H₂O₂ was observed after 2-h chilling with its subsequent lowering. In the cold-tolerant potato, the levels of O^– ₂ and peroxides reduced after chilling. The rate of lipid peroxidation (an index characterizing cold-induced membrane damage) increased gradually with the lengthening of the chilling period. Reactive oxygen species are supposed to be involved in the induction of the oxidative stress during chilling of chilling-sensitive plants and in the triggering of cold-induced damage.     

Forecasting changes in water quality in rivers associated with growing biofuels in the Arkansas-White-Red river drainage,USA

Excess nutrients from agriculture in the Mississippi River drainage, USA have degraded water quality in freshwaters and contributed to anoxic conditions in downstream estuaries. Consequently, water quality is a significant concern associated with conversion of lands to bioenergy production. This study focused on the Arkansas-White-Red river basin (AWR), one of five major river basins draining to the Mississippi River. The AWR has a strong precipitation gradient from east to west, and advanced cellulosic feedstocks are projected to become economically feasible within normal-to-wet areas of the region. In this study, we used large-scale watershed modeling to identify areas along this precipitation gradient with potential for improving water quality. We compared simulated water quality in rivers draining projected future landscapes with and without cellulosic bioenergy for two future years, 2022 and 2030 with an assumed farmgate price of $50 per dry ton. Changes in simulated water quantity and quality under future bioenergy scenarios varied among subbasins and years. Median water yield, nutrient loadings, and sediment yield decreased by 2030. Median concentrations of nutrients also decreased, but suspended sediment, which is influenced by decreased flow and in-stream processes, increased. Spatially, decreased loadings prevailed in the transitional ecotone between 97° and 100° longitude, where switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., is projected to compete against alternative crops and land uses at $50 per dry ton. We conclude that this region contains areas that hold promise for sustainable bioenergy production in terms of both economic feasibility and water quality protection.     

New Technology for Estimating Seed Production of Moist-Soil Plants

ABSTRACT Waterfowl biologists estimate seed production in moist-soil wetlands to calculate duck-energy days (DEDs) and evaluate management techniques. Previously developed models that predict plant seed yield using morphological measurements are tedious and time consuming. We developed simple linear regression models that indirectly and directly related seed-head area to seed production for 7 common moist-soil plants using portable and desktop scanners and a dot grid, and compared time spent processing samples and predictive ability among models. To construct models, we randomly collected approximately 60 plants/species at the Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge, USA, during September 2005 and 2006, threshed and dried seed from seed heads, and related dry mass to seed-head area. All models explained substantial variation in seed mass (R²< 0.87) and had high predictive ability (R²_predicted < 0.84). Processing time of seed heads averaged 22 and 3 times longer for the dot grid and portable scanner, respectively, than for the desktop scanner. We recommend use of desktop scanners for accurate and rapid estimation of moist-soil plant seed production. Seed predictions per plant from our models can be used to estimate total seed production and DEDs in moist-soil wetlands.     

Contribution of Oxidative Stress to the Development of Cold-Induced Damage to Leaves of Chilling-Sensitive Plants: 2. The Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes during Plant Chilling

Changes in the activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase were studied in 7–11-day-old seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and etiolated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) sprouts. The assays were performed immediately after chilling at 2°C for 1–24 h and one day after 24-h chilling. During the first 1–2 h of chilling, enzyme activities were substantially reduced in chilling-sensitive plants (cucumber and maize). Further chilling resulted in a gradual increase in the enzyme activities to a degree dependent on plant species. One day after the plants were returned to a high temperature, the enzyme activities were restored to an initial level or exceeded it (excluding maize superoxide dismutase). In the potato (cold-resistant species), we did not observe any regular changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. On the whole, the activities of these enzymes inversely depended on species cold-resistance. The conclusion is that one of the cold-resistance factors is the capacity of antioxidant enzymes to maintain their activities during chilling and restore them relatively rapidly after plant transfer to warm conditions.     

Local grasses for the control of the invasive vine Mikania micrantha

乡土草本植物对入侵植物薇甘菊的防控 薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)是在太平洋岛屿和亚洲热带亚热带发现的一种入侵植物。目前防 治薇甘菊的方法并不完善,因此亟需寻找对环境友好的、更有效的防治方法。因此,我们探究了4种草本植物对薇甘菊入侵的防御能力,以期为薇甘菊的生态可持续防治提供科学依据。 本研究选取了4种来自中国本土的多年生禾本科草本植物：藤竹草(Panicum incomtum)、象草(Pennisetum purpureum)、斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum)和蔓生莠竹(Microstegium vagans)来构建草丛。将薇甘菊种子播种在上述草丛中,同时还将薇甘菊幼苗移栽到上述草丛中,观察草丛是否能阻止薇甘菊幼苗的生长。此外,我们还将薇甘菊移植到现有的草丛中,观察草丛是否能够阻止薇甘菊的再次入侵。最后还在野外将薇甘菊分别与藤竹草和象草一同种植,探究这两种禾本科植物是否能在竞争中胜出。研究结果表明,薇甘菊种子在上述草丛中萌发困难,所有薇甘菊幼苗在3个月内死亡,说明薇甘菊很难在现有的草丛中生存。野外实验表明,薇甘菊盖度在第一年显著低于这些草本植物,两年后全部被这些草本植物取代。据我们所知,本研究首次揭示了高大草本植物,特别是藤竹草和象草,具有作为薇甘菊生物防治的潜力。