衡阳盆地土壤动物多样性研究

对衡阳盆地紫色页岩土壤 9种生境中的土壤动物进行了调查研究 ,共获得土壤动物35 85只 ,隶属于 4门 8纲 39目 ,其中线虫类、蜱螨类为优势类群 ,占总捕量的 5 0 2 4 % ;常见类群 1 2类 ,占总捕量的 4 4 0 1 %。从土壤动物水平分布上看 ,9种生境相似程度较大 ,其中尤以芦竹林和桃树林、阔叶林和桉树林、芦竹林和桉树林之间相似程度更突出。从土壤动物垂直分布上看 ,9种生境中只有桃树林、柑桔林垂直分布较为明显 ,而各种生境中土壤动物具有明显的表聚性。芦竹林、柑桔林、桉树林、菜地、阔叶林和桃树林 6种生境土壤动物群落的多样性及均匀度呈基本一致的趋势 ,且各生境间差别不大     

水利工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响评价方法初探

通过分析水利工程对河流生态系统服务功能的影响,建立了评价指标体系和定量化的评价方法．评价指标体系包括建立评价指标的原则、对河流生态系统服务功能的分类和指标确定等．本文将河流生态系统的服务功能分为四类即供水及与供水量相关的航运和水电功能、生态支持功能、调节控制功能和文化美学功能．依据不同的功能类型,应用以前的研究成果,针对水利工程产生的生态效应如生物多样性的变化和河流净化功能的变化,确定了不同的调度指标,并建立了相应的数量化评价方法,主要包括指效法和BOD-DO模型方法,这些方法特有助于对水利工程的生态环境效应进行深入的分析与评价。     

Water loss and viability in Zizania (Poaceae) seeds during short-term desiccation

How Texas wild rice, Zizania texana, became isolated in the San Marcos River of Central Texas, hundreds of kilometres from other wild rice populations is not known. Zizania seeds are intolerant of short-term desiccation. Seeds desiccated at 14% relative humidity (RH) and 75% RH do not survive after only 5-6 d and 2-3 wk of drying. Water loss is rapid and reaches a maximum at the time of seed death due to drying. And although all Zizania seeds germinate well following a long, cold dormancy period, Z. texana seeds readily germinate in the isothermic water (22°C) of the San Marcos River and Springs without an obligate, cold dormant period. Within 30-60 d of collection, Z. texana seeds germinate in substantial numbers, unlike seeds of Z. palustris, which require a long, cold dormant period. The Texas population of Z. texana may represent a relict population of a once more widely dispersed wild rice population, since the San Marcos springs probably have never gone dry.     

Relating body size to the role of aquatic subsidies for the riparian spider <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nephila clavata</Emphasis>

We examined the relationship between body size of the riparian spider Nephila clavata and the contribution of allochthonous (aquatic insects) and autochthonous (terrestrial insects) sources to its diet using stable isotope analysis. During the study period from July to September, the body size of the females increased remarkably (about 60-fold) but that of males remained small. The biomass of both aquatic and terrestrial insects trapped on the spider webs increased with spider size, with the biomass of the former ranging between 30 and 70% of that of the terrestrial insects. The average relative contribution of aquatic insects to the diet of the spiders, calculated from δ¹³C values, was 40–50% in spiders in the early juvenile and juvenile stages, 35% in adult males and 4% in adult females. There was a significant negative relationship between the relative contribution of aquatic insects and body size of the female spiders. We conclude that aquatic insects might be an important seasonal dietary subsidy for small spiders and that these allochthonous subsidies may facilitate the growth of riparian spiders, which may in turn enable the spiders to feed on larger prey.     

Structure and composition of riparian forests with special reference to geomorphic site conditions along the Tokachi River,northern Japan

The structure and composition of riparian forests were examined along the Tokachi River, northern Japan. Both the hydrogeomorphic gradient and the temporal gradient were analyzed in attempt to explain the present pattern of riparian forests. The stability of floodplain surfaces was estimated on the basis of the elevation above the riverbed and the distance from the river channel. The characteristics of the substratum on which trees were established were also examined by excavation of buried sediment. The results indicated that soil moisture and organic content increased while the size of particles in the substratum decreased with increased elevation and distance from the river channel. Gradient analysis was employed to examine the distribution of dominant species, such as Alnus hirsuta, Toisusu urbaniana, Populus maximowiczii, Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis. The relative dominance of each could be arrayed across the elevation gradient. Although the three broad-leaved pioneers dominated bars and floodplains near the river channel, their modes shifted from lower to higher elevation and amplitudes of distribution curves decreased in the following order: A. hirsuta, T. urbaniana, P. maximowiczii and conifers, which were located on the highest floodplains. Sites could be divided into three classes in terms of stability. There were fewer species at active sites, which favored the three pioneer species, but species richness and diversity increased with stand age. Semi-active and stable sites were more diverse with the establishment of conifers and other broad-leaved trees, which included upland species. However, species richness peaked and then decreased after trees reached 50 to 60 years of age. The growth of dwarf bamboo and the development of conifer-dominant stands impeded the establishment of other species, thereby reducing species richness and diversity in mature stands. Chronologically, floodplains could be differentiated into high- and low-frequency zones of flood disturbance, with pioneer species occupying the former, and late successional species found largely in the latter.     

准噶尔盆地荒漠灌丛对融雪水空间分布的反馈初探

温带荒漠的积雪沿灌丛始融,并以灌丛为中心形成融雪漏斗,导致融雪水向灌丛基部汇集。观测资料表明:通过灌丛对融雪水分布的反馈,使灌丛周围的沙层含水量明显增加,为裸沙区的152.1-228.9％,从而提高融雪水的利用率并改善灌丛自身的供水条件,对荒漠植被的分布格局亦起一定影响。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的生物学特性

研究了湖南长沙地区棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的生物学特性及田间消长规律,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂在湖南长沙地区年发生约10代,以7个世代发生在棉田,田间出现3个寄生高峰,分别在5月上旬－6月下旬,8月中旬－9月上旬及9月中旬－10月中旬,寄生率平均在25,1－63,1％,从卵发育到成虫的平均历期变化范围在32℃下13天至11．6℃下75．5天,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂能寄主棉铃虫,斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾,但偏爱寄主棉铃虫。该蜂能寄生棉铃虫1－3龄幼虫,很少寄生4－6龄幼虫,喜寄生2－3龄幼虫,每雌可寄生斜夜蛾2龄幼虫5－23头。本建立了发育速率及成蜂寿命与温度关系的回归模型,探讨了越冬问题,比较了长江流域和黄河流域铃虫齿唇姬蜂生物学特性的差异。     

基于传统生态智慧的江南水网空间韧性机制及实践启示

传统江南水网空间是一种典型的社会—生态系统,人文社会系统和自然生态系统之间的良性互动对于其韧性构建有着重要的积极作用。基于柯林斯等人提出的压力—冲击动态（PPD）模型,以平江府为典型代表,研究传统江南水网空间如何通过生态系统服务的桥梁搭建水网物质空间与人类社区发展之间的联系,从而厘清社会—生态系统在此过程中如何培育、优化和提升江南水网空间韧性。在此基础上,创新性地从生态系统服务供需关系的角度提出社会—生态韧性构建的生态智慧,并倡导以恢复力、适应力与变革力韧性机制培育为导向的、江南地区构建现代社区实践的若干启示,旨在引导江南水网空间实现具有韧性的社会—生态系统转型发展。     

嘉陵江四川段藻类植物群落结构及水质评价

为了揭示嘉陵江四川段藻类植物的群落结构特征和水质现状,分别于枯水期(1月)和丰水期(9月)沿江段至上而下分析了12个样点藻类群落的种类组成、Shannon多样性指数（H′）、Pielou均匀度指数（E）和Margalef丰富度指数（d).结果表明: 嘉陵江四川段共采集到藻类植物8门42科95属171种(包括变种),其中硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为各样点的优势类群.整个江段枯水期藻类植物的平均细胞密度为14.71×10⁴ ind·L^-1,金溪和红岩子样点的密度最高,分别为28.33×10⁴和25.40×10⁴ ind·L^-1;群落中以硅藻的物种数量最为丰富.丰水期藻类植物的平均细胞密度为10.78×10⁴ ind·L^-1,以青居样点的密度最低,仅3.31×10⁴ind·L^-1,绿藻和蓝藻物种数量有所增加.整个江段12个样点枯水期和丰水期的平均d、平均H′和平均E分别为2.35、1.60、0.31和2.57、2.09和0.39.嘉陵江四川段的藻类植物群落结构、细胞密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数的时空分布格局差异显著.水质整体为中污染型,其中金溪和沙溪样点为寡污型或β中污型,水质较好;苍溪、红岩子、新政和青居样点水质较差,属α中-污型.     

太湖流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

分别于2009年8月和2010年5月对太湖流域37个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查采样.共采集到大型底栖动物69种,其中寡毛类15种,占21.7%;软体动物16种,占232%;甲壳动物5种,占7.2%;水生昆虫27种,占39.1%;多毛类6种,占8.7%.利用大型底栖动物的物种组成以及物种相对丰度,应用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)和无偏对应分析(DCA)将37个采样点分为4组.第1组的指示种为齿吻沙蚕和河蚬等多毛类及软体动物;第2组的指示种为太湖大螯蜚和方格短沟蜷等多毛类及软体动物;第3组的指示种为霍甫水丝蚓等环节动物;第4组的指示种为正颤蚓和摇蚊幼虫.典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明： 电导率和总氮是影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子,铵氮、COD_Cr、透明度、叶绿素a、水深及硝态氮对底栖动物分布也有影响.