旧石器遗址出土烧骨的技术分析及其对考古学的启示

烧骨常见于各类旧石器时代遗址中,作为用火残留物的一类,烧骨对研究人类用火行为有着极为重要的意义,而目前国内针对烧骨的研究工作开展得尚不够深入。本文通过介绍目前烧骨研究领域中若干种主流的分析手段及其在考古学上的应用,以求能进一步完善国内关于旧石器时代人工用火的研究框架,同时希望能对中国古人类用火能力的相关研究提供有益的借鉴。     

吉林桦甸仙人洞旧石器遗址1993年发掘报告

1993年5—6月,仙人洞旧石器遗址发掘获得石制品197件,打制骨器18件,磨制骨器1件以及大量的动物骨骼化石。遗址分为上、下两个文化层,时代属旧石器时代早期之末或中期至晚期。石制品具有以小石制品为主的中国北方主工业的特点。     

Les sépultures italiennes du Paléolithique supérieur. Reconstitutions du régime alimentaire

The identification of dietary habits is increasingly seen as a fundamental aspect for studying the ancient human populations. Accordingly, several projects aiming to identify Paleolithic individuals’ dietary patterns were developed to analyze the organic component of bone tissue and identify isotopic markers to reconstruct the food typology. Bone fragments from six individuals were selected for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes analysis. The interpretation of human isotopic data was framed through a dataset of twenty-one Italian Paleolithic individuals. The isotopic data generated for the Paleolithic individuals agree with the information already provided by the archaeological record concerning the Italian hunter and gatherer communities. Their subsistence economy was essentially grounded upon the exploitation of high protein foods, either from terrestrial fauna resources or inland lacustrine or riverine species.     

The inheritance of shovel shape in maxillary central incisors

The aim of this study is to investigate the inheritance of the shovel shape of maxillary permanent central incisors. The material collected on Hailuoto Island, off the western coast of Finland, consists of 319 dental casts. The genealogical data are from the parish register. The genetic method is based on the incidence of the trait in the sibships as compared to that in the whole population sample. The results suggest that the trait is hereditary, and transmitted by a single intermediate autosomal gene, although more complex models of inheritance are also acceptable.     

山西襄汾洞门遗址发掘简报

洞门遗址位于山西省襄汾县新城镇沙女沟村东1 km处,西距丁村遗址5.1 km。2015年10月～2016年5月,山西省考古研究所进行了为期4个月的发掘,发掘面积27 m²。遗址地层自上而下依次为表土层、马兰黄土层(L₁)、棕红色古土壤层(S₁)。包括石制品、动物化石碎片、炭屑等在内的文化遗物均出土于S₁中。另外在遗址西侧100 m左右的L₁内采集石制品2件。石制品原料以角页岩为主,类型包括石核、石片、石器、断块等。与此同时,在沙女沟村东黄土台塬的S₁地层中发现多个类似的原地埋藏的石器地点,说明在末次间冰期丁村遗址群附近汾河东岸至大崮堆山之间的黄土塬区人类活动十分频繁,且持续较长时间。研究表明,洞门遗址是一个别于丁村遗址的河流相埋藏类型的临时营地,它的发现为进一步认识丁村人的活动范围、行为模式以及末次间冰期及末次冰期古人类活动提供了重要资料。     

Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: new results and new challenges

New radiocarbon dates from the sites of Bockstein-T?rle, Geissenkl?sterle, Hohle Fels, Hohlenstein-Stadel, Sirgenstein, and Vogelherd in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany indicate that the Aurignacian of the region spans the period from ca. 40-30ka BP. If the situation at Vogelherd, in which skeletal remains from modern humans underlie an entire Aurignacian sequence, is viewed as representative for the region, the dates from the Swabian Jura support the hypothesis that populations of modern humans entered the region by way of the "Danube Corridor." The lithic technology from the lower Aurignacian of Geissenkl?sterle III is fully developed, and classic Aurignacian forms are well represented. During the course of the Aurignacian, numerous assemblages rich in art works, jewelry, and musical instruments are documented. By no later than 29ka BP the Gravettian was well established in the region. These dates are consistent with the "Kulturpumpe" hypothesis that important cultural innovations of the Aurignacian and Gravettian in Swabia predate similar developments in other regions of Europe. The radiocarbon dates from Geissenkl?sterle corroborate observations from other non-archaeological data sets indicating large global fluctuations in the atmospheric concentrations of radiocarbon between 30 and 50ka calendar years ago. These fluctuations lead to complications in building reliable chronologies during this period and cause the "Middle Paleolithic Dating Anomaly" and the "Coexistence Effect," which tend to exaggerate the temporal overlap between Neanderthals and modern humans.     

关于石片台面的分类

本文分析了中国旧石器时代常见的石片台面的主要类型,提出两种世人不太注意的类型:有疤台面和刃状台面。     

Über regionale Unterschiede in der Myeloarchitektonik der Kleinhirnrinde

Zusammenfassung In der Kleinhirnrinde des Menschen, des Rhesusaffen und der Katze formen die rückläufigen Kollateralen der Purkinjezellen im unteren Drittel der Molekularschicht einen markhaltigen Plexus, den Plexus supraganglionaris. Dieser Plexus ist nicht in allen Abschnitten der Kleinhirnrinde gleichmäßig entfaltet, sondern zeigt starke regionale Unterschiede in seiner Dichte.Im Lobus nodulofloccularis, dem ältesten Kleinhirnabschnitt, ist der Plexus im Wurmanteil nur spärlich entwickelt, im dazugehörigen Hemisphärenanteil dagegen etwas stärker ausgebildet. Im Lobus posterior des Corpus cerebelli ist er im Wurm und in den Hemisphären nur sehr diskret angelegt. Seine stärkste Entfaltung erfährt der Plexus supraganglionaris im Lobus anterior des Corpus cerebelli. Hier nehmen im Wurmabschnitt die rückläufigen Kollateralen beinahe das untere Drittel der Molekularschicht ein, während der Plexus in den Hemisphärenanteilen nur schwach entwickelt ist. Die mögliche Bedeutung der regional unterschiedlichen Dichte des Plexus supraganglionaris für den intracorticalen Erregungsablauf wird diskutiert.

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On regional myeloarchitectonic differences in the cerebellar cortexI. Plexus supraganglionaris

Summary In the cerebellar cortex of man, rhesus monkey and cat the recurrent collaterals of the Purkinje cells form a myelinated plexus, the plexus supraganglionaris, in the lower third of the molecular layer. This plexus does not exhibit a uniform distribution in all parts of the cerebellar cortex but its density varies considerably in different regions.In the eldest part of the cerebellum, in the lobus nodulofloccularis, the plexus is developed sparsely in the region of the vermis, somewhat more, however, in the corresponding part of the hemispheres. In the lobus posterior of the corpus cerebelli there are only few collaterals in the vermis as well as in the hemispheres, while the plexus supraganglionaris is best developed in the lobus anterior. Here in the region of the vermis rather the lower third of the molecular layer is occupied by recurrent collaterals while in the hemispheres only a sparsely developed plexus can be observed.The possible importance of the regional differences in density of the plexus supraganglionaris in regard to the transmission of excitation is discussed.

Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.