Purification and characterization of alcohol oxidase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paecilomyces variotii</Emphasis> isolated as a formaldehyde-resistant fungus

Paecilomyces variotii IRI017 was isolated as a formaldehyde-resistant fungus from wastewater containing formaldehyde. The fungus grew in a medium containing 0.5% formaldehyde and had consumed formaldehyde completely after 5 days. Alcohol oxidase was purified from the fungus grown on methanol. A 20-fold purification was achieved with a yield of 44%. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 73 and 450 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme consists of six identical subunits. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the subunit was TIPDEVDIII. The enzyme showed an absorption spectrum typical of a flavoprotein and had a noncovalently bound flavin different from FAD, FMN, and riboflavin. The pH optimum of the enzyme activity was pH 6–10. The enzyme was stable in the pH range of pH 5–10. The enzyme retained full activity after incubation at 50°C for 30 min. The enzyme oxidized not only methanol but also lower primary alcohols and formaldehyde. The K _m values for methanol, ethanol, and formaldehyde were 1.9, 3.8, and 4.9 mmol l⁻¹, respectively.     

The development and multiple uses of a standardised bioassay method to select hypocrealean fungi for biological control of aphids

A technically standardised bioassay method was designed, evaluated and used to assess virulence and host range of hypocrealean fungi against aphids. A track mounted sprayer was used to apply conidia because hand held versions of the same sprayer can be used for field applications, thereby allowing the outcome from laboratory experiments to predict activity in the field accurately. Eighteen fungal isolates were assessed in single concentration bioassays against the black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scopoli. Isolates comprised commercially available mycoinsecticides (based on Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium longisporum) and isolates of B. bassiana, Lecanicillium spp., Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Metarhizium anisopliae. Aphid mortality was in excess of 80% for 15 isolates, and HRI 1.72 (L. longipsorum), Z11 (P. fumosoroseus), Mycotech strain GHA (B. bassiana) and ARSEF 2879 (B. bassiana) were studied further. Multiple concentration bioassays identified HRI 1.72 as the most virulent isolate against A. fabae with significantly smaller LC₅₀ and LT₅₀ values compared to other isolates. A precise LC₅₀ value (2.95 × 10² conidia ml⁻¹) was calculated for HRI 1.72 using a second multiple concentration assay with smaller concentrations of conidia. The four isolates were applied at a single concentration (1 × 10⁸ conidia ml⁻¹) against Myzus persicae, A. fabae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. A ranking of aphid susceptibility was obtained, such that S. avenae > M. persicae, A. pisum, A. fabae > R. padi. Results indicate the importance of standardising bioassay methods to reduce bioassay variability without compromising the ability to use the bioassay to investigate fungus–host interactions under varying abiotic and biotic conditions.     

等离子体法诱变淡紫拟青霉产几丁质酶菌种的筛选

采用菌株诱变技术,提高生防用淡紫拟青霉菌株产几丁质酶的能力。通过常温常压等离子体诱变技术(MPMS)对淡紫拟青霉进行诱变育种处理,对处理的菌种先采用透明圈法进行初筛,然后采用发酵方法进行复筛。采用MPMS法诱变淡紫拟青霉产几丁质酶菌种时,温度25℃,处理时间30 s,样品处理量60μL,诱变菌的致死率为30.33%时,正突变率为14%。采用摇瓶分批发酵培养,诱变菌种的几丁质酶活为0.17 U/mL。结果表明,经过对淡紫拟青霉的诱变处理,获得高活性几丁质酶产生菌株,几丁质酶酶活提高180%。     

过表达周期蛋白Cyc28影响四膜虫的有性生殖进程

真核生物的细胞周期通过连续的激活和失活特定的周期蛋白/周期蛋白依赖性激酶复合物活性进行调控。嗜热四膜虫含有34种周期蛋白,有性生殖期特异表达的周期蛋白Cyc2和Cyc17在四膜虫小核减数分裂中发挥重要功能。本研究从嗜热四膜虫中鉴定出一种新的周期蛋白CYC28 (TTHERM_00082190)基因,预测编码266个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR表明,CYC28在有性生殖时期特异表达,且在4 h表达水平最高。通过同源重组构建获得MTT1启动子调控下的HA-CYC28突变体细胞。免疫荧光定位表明,HA-Cyc28定位在细胞质和凋亡的亲本大核中。分别构建CYC28敲除突变株和RNA干扰细胞株,对CYC28敲减突变体细胞的分析发现,营养生长和有性生殖期突变细胞发育正常。然而,过表达株Cyc28突变体引起原核染色体排列异常,原核不能完成有丝分裂形成配子核,有性生殖进程终止。结果表明,Cyc28参与细胞的有性生殖进程,它的正常表达和降解对原核有丝分裂的完成是必需的。     

Interactions Among the Aphid Diuraphis noxia , the Entomopathogenic Fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and the Coccinellid Hippodamia convergens

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith is under development as a mycoinsecticide for control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov. Interactions with other natural enemies within the agro-ecosystem, such as the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens Guerin, require evaluation before its potential can be realized. In laboratory bioassays H. convergens adults were sprayed with suspensions of P. fumosoroseus conidia at different concentrations (including potential field rates) and mortality assessed. Although a proportion of coccinellids succumbed to infection (the greatest proportion was 22% when the ladybirds had suffered stress) it is unlikely that they would be at risk from infection as a direct result of a spray application unless there were prolonged periods of high humidity or the coccinellids were stressed. When provided with uninfected or P. fumosoroseus -infected D. noxia cadavers as prey, coccinellids consumed more uninfected aphids. The predators never consumed aphid cadavers from which the fungus was erupting or sporulating. Hippodamia convergens is, therefore, unlikely to be a significant intraguild predator of P. fumosoroseus . Predators contaminated with conidia of P. fumosoroseus using different methods (sprayed coccinellids, coccinellids foraging on sprayed aphids, and those foraging in the presence of sporulating D. noxia cadavers) were able to transfer conidia to healthy D. noxia populations and initiate infection in a proportion of those aphids. The proportion of aphids becoming infected was greatest when the coccinellids became contaminated when foraging amongst sporulating cadavers. Some coccinellids also succumbed to infection under these conditions.     

粉拟青霉种内RAPD多态性分析*

对来自不同地理来源和不同寄主的 １３株粉拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｆａｎｉｎｏｓｕｓ和其他３种拟青霉及１株球孢白僵菌进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,从ＲＡＰＤ扩增结果可知粉拟青霉种内具丰富的遗传多样型。ＲＡＰＤ扩增指纹图谱能有效地分辨不同菌株的基因型,可用于监测生防效果的菌株示踪。聚类分析结果表明种间的遗传差异要明显大于种内的差异。菌株间差异是和地理来源相关,而和寄主不相关。     

一株感染杨尺蠖蛹的病原真菌的分离及鉴定

【目的】从山西省洪洞县的杨树丰产林中采集到几头自然染菌的杨尺蠖Apocheima cinerarius越冬蛹虫尸,经分离纯化得到一株病原真菌,定名为YHT01,确定该菌株的分类地位。【方法】用该菌株孢子悬浮液(1.0×108 conidia/m L)感染杨尺蠖蛹进行回接杀虫实验,扫描电镜观察菌株形态学特征,ITS序列测定并构建系统发育树对YHT01菌株进行分子鉴定。【结果】经YHT01菌株感染之后,杨尺蠖蛹节间处长出白色菌丝。该菌株在PDA培养基上的菌落呈椭圆形,白色,绒毛状,菌落背面呈橙黄色;扫描电镜观察结果显示,该菌株孢梗束呈扫帚状,分生孢子小,卵形至椭圆形,壁光滑,大小为(2.1-3.4)μm×(1.1-1.8)μm。该菌株的r DNA-ITS序列与Gen Bank中粉棒束孢Isaria farinosa(Holm:Fr.)Fr.(AB233337)的序列相似性达99%,在系统发育树的同一分支上。【结论】YHT01是杨尺蠖蛹的一株病原真菌,粉棒束孢Isaria farinosa。     

拟青霉酶系酶解花生酱渣二次提油的探讨

花生酱渣是花生油脂厂的下脚料,其中约含５．５％的油脂。用拟青霉酶系酶解其细胞壁可将油脂释放出胞外。以花生酱渣为底物,拟青霉酶系作用的最适ｐＨ为５．５,最适温度为５５℃。提油后的酱渣中加入３倍的酶液（０．４ｍｇ粗酶粉／ｍｌ）,１２０ｒ／ｍｉｎ、５５℃保温振荡２ｈ,酶解率达６０％,二次提油率为４．４％。再延长酶解时间和加大酶的用量,酶解率和出油率都提高甚微。     

摇床转速对淡紫拟青霉菌生长的影响

设置不同摇床转速来调节通气量,以淡紫拟青霉菌株NHPL03培养过程的OD值、pH值、菌丝重量、孢子量、毒力为指标,研究通气量对淡紫拟青霉菌NHPL03生长的影响。结果表明:淡紫拟青霉菌可在多种摇床转速(通气量)条件下生长。通气量不仅影响菌丝生长与孢子生成而且影响毒力产物分泌,菌丝生长与孢子生成的最佳摇床转速为100r/min,培养8d菌丝干重达到最高值1.10g/50mL,产孢量达28.5×106个/mL。从毒力强度看,低转速条件60r/min总体毒力水平最高,培养8d菌液对茎线虫校正致死率达到47.1%。