拟青霉属的一个新种

从湖南省桃江县采集的亚香棒虫草(Cordyceps hawkesii Gray)的新鲜子座、单子囊孢子及其寄主,一种蝙蝠蛾(Hepialus sp.)的僵死幼虫,培养获得拟青霉属的一个新种,命名为霍克斯拟青霉(Paecilomyces hawkesii Xiao,T.B.Li et Q.T.Chen,sp.nov.)。本文报道该菌的形态学特征及其与近缘种肉色拟青霉(P.carneus)的关系,并认为它可能是亚香棒虫草的无性阶段。     

Interactions Among the Aphid Diuraphis noxia , the Entomopathogenic Fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and the Coccinellid Hippodamia convergens

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith is under development as a mycoinsecticide for control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov. Interactions with other natural enemies within the agro-ecosystem, such as the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens Guerin, require evaluation before its potential can be realized. In laboratory bioassays H. convergens adults were sprayed with suspensions of P. fumosoroseus conidia at different concentrations (including potential field rates) and mortality assessed. Although a proportion of coccinellids succumbed to infection (the greatest proportion was 22% when the ladybirds had suffered stress) it is unlikely that they would be at risk from infection as a direct result of a spray application unless there were prolonged periods of high humidity or the coccinellids were stressed. When provided with uninfected or P. fumosoroseus -infected D. noxia cadavers as prey, coccinellids consumed more uninfected aphids. The predators never consumed aphid cadavers from which the fungus was erupting or sporulating. Hippodamia convergens is, therefore, unlikely to be a significant intraguild predator of P. fumosoroseus . Predators contaminated with conidia of P. fumosoroseus using different methods (sprayed coccinellids, coccinellids foraging on sprayed aphids, and those foraging in the presence of sporulating D. noxia cadavers) were able to transfer conidia to healthy D. noxia populations and initiate infection in a proportion of those aphids. The proportion of aphids becoming infected was greatest when the coccinellids became contaminated when foraging amongst sporulating cadavers. Some coccinellids also succumbed to infection under these conditions.     

淡紫拟青霉固体发酵工艺研究

淡紫拟青霉（Paecilomyces lilacinus）是控制植物病原线虫的优良生防菌,同时对多种土传尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病等病害具有防病作用。固态发酵技术为分生孢子的大规模、低成本生产提供了许多有利条件。为获得淡紫拟青霉固体发酵的最佳条件,采用单因素实验和响应面试验对淡紫拟青霉固体发酵培养基的组成、料液比、种子液接种量和烘干条件进行了优化,结果表明淡紫拟青霉固体发酵最佳的培养基组成为麸皮玉米粉为 0.9：1（体积比）、蔗糖添加量4%（质量分数,下同）、尿素添加量 0.16%、硫酸铵添加量 0.17%、料水比为1：0.5（体积比）,培养条件为接种量10%、培养温度28 ℃、培养时间6 d、固体菌剂最适烘干条件为35 ℃烘干24 h,在此条件下淡紫拟青霉固体菌剂的有效活菌数为 2.49×10¹⁰ cfu/g。     

一株感染杨尺蠖蛹的病原真菌的分离及鉴定

【目的】从山西省洪洞县的杨树丰产林中采集到几头自然染菌的杨尺蠖Apocheima cinerarius越冬蛹虫尸,经分离纯化得到一株病原真菌,定名为YHT01,确定该菌株的分类地位。【方法】用该菌株孢子悬浮液(1.0×108 conidia/m L)感染杨尺蠖蛹进行回接杀虫实验,扫描电镜观察菌株形态学特征,ITS序列测定并构建系统发育树对YHT01菌株进行分子鉴定。【结果】经YHT01菌株感染之后,杨尺蠖蛹节间处长出白色菌丝。该菌株在PDA培养基上的菌落呈椭圆形,白色,绒毛状,菌落背面呈橙黄色;扫描电镜观察结果显示,该菌株孢梗束呈扫帚状,分生孢子小,卵形至椭圆形,壁光滑,大小为(2.1-3.4)μm×(1.1-1.8)μm。该菌株的r DNA-ITS序列与Gen Bank中粉棒束孢Isaria farinosa(Holm:Fr.)Fr.(AB233337)的序列相似性达99%,在系统发育树的同一分支上。【结论】YHT01是杨尺蠖蛹的一株病原真菌,粉棒束孢Isaria farinosa。     

干旱胁迫对蝉拟青霉SOD活性的影响

为探讨蝉拟青霉Paecilomyces cicadae抗旱的生理生化基础,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)对采自贵州省荔波县的蝉拟青霉GZUIFR-3L菌株液体发酵进行胁迫,用氮蓝四唑法连续测定不同培养时间SOD活性,考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定蛋白质含量,从而测定SOD比活力。结果表明,胁迫和非胁迫情况下,蝉拟青霉蛋白质含量、SOD活性和SOD比活力分别在发酵培养第7,8,6d时达到最大值;经干旱胁迫的蝉拟青霉SOD活力及其比活力均比未经胁迫处理的高,初步推测蝉拟青霉抗旱能力与SOD活性有一定的相关性。     

拟青霉酶系酶解花生酱渣二次提油的探讨

花生酱渣是花生油脂厂的下脚料,其中约含５．５％的油脂。用拟青霉酶系酶解其细胞壁可将油脂释放出胞外。以花生酱渣为底物,拟青霉酶系作用的最适ｐＨ为５．５,最适温度为５５℃。提油后的酱渣中加入３倍的酶液（０．４ｍｇ粗酶粉／ｍｌ）,１２０ｒ／ｍｉｎ、５５℃保温振荡２ｈ,酶解率达６０％,二次提油率为４．４％。再延长酶解时间和加大酶的用量,酶解率和出油率都提高甚微。     

摇床转速对淡紫拟青霉菌生长的影响

设置不同摇床转速来调节通气量,以淡紫拟青霉菌株NHPL03培养过程的OD值、pH值、菌丝重量、孢子量、毒力为指标,研究通气量对淡紫拟青霉菌NHPL03生长的影响。结果表明:淡紫拟青霉菌可在多种摇床转速(通气量)条件下生长。通气量不仅影响菌丝生长与孢子生成而且影响毒力产物分泌,菌丝生长与孢子生成的最佳摇床转速为100r/min,培养8d菌丝干重达到最高值1.10g/50mL,产孢量达28.5×106个/mL。从毒力强度看,低转速条件60r/min总体毒力水平最高,培养8d菌液对茎线虫校正致死率达到47.1%。     

几种丝状真菌原生质体的形成与再生

本文报道从黑曲霉、米曲霉、酱油曲霉、康宁木霉、拟青零等工业上有重要用途的7种丝状真菌菌丝制备原生质体,以及对这些真菌原生质再生过程中形态学变化进行观察的结果。实验表明用商品纤维素酶、蜗牛酶、溶菌酶配成的混合酶液,可成功地对上述丝状真菌制备出原生质体。在所有供试菌株中均观察到由原生质体直接长出菌丝,及原生质体先形成酵母状物再长出菌丝这两类再生方式。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the entomopathogenic hyphomycete,Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Nine microsatellite markers were isolated from the entomopathogenic haploid fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Genetic diversity was assessed in 26 P. fumosoroseus isolates originated from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci collected in various geoclimatic areas. Eight loci were polymorphic with an observed number of alleles ranging from two to six. The loci differentiated some isolates and group of isolates according to their geographical location, showing promise for the study of gene flow. All loci failed to give clear amplifications in P. fumosoroseus isolates from hosts other than B. tabaci. These microsatellite markers provide powerful tools for ecological, epidemiological, and population genetic studies.     

蝉花的人工培养及其药理作用研究

蝉拟青霉(Paecilomyces cicadae)在马铃薯-蔗糖,Richnrd,Czapek等液体培养基上,室温静培14天,液面形成菌膜,产生大量产孢结构和分生孢子。深层培养只长菌丝团,未见有分生孢子产生。在一些自然基物上,菌丝体生长繁茂,并形成和寄主体上生长相似的孢梗束。蝉花及其人工培养物,经药理学实验显示出明显的镇痛、镇静和解热等功效。