我国农业生产成本与农产品价格的内生性分析——基于PVAR模型

对农产品市场价格和农业生产成本之间的内生关系进行界定,并利用2003—2013年省际面板数据的面板向量自回归模型（PVAR）,对农业生产资料成本、劳动力成本和农产品价格之间的内生作用关系进行实证分析。结果发现,我国农产品市场价格的成本推动作用明显,但生产资料成本与劳动力成本对价格变动的贡献路径有所差异,而农产品价格的变动也是生产资料成本和劳动力成本变动的原因。因此,建议政府在充分发挥生产成本变动的预警信号的基础上,还应关注农产品价格变动对农业生产成本的推动作用。     

γδT细胞在实验性自身免疫性肝炎中的表达及意义

目的通过实验性自身免疫性肝炎(experimental autoimmune hepatitis,EAH)小鼠模型,探讨γδT细胞及其分泌的细胞因子在EAH小鼠中的表达及意义。方法建立EAH小鼠模型,并予不同的干预措施,用ELISA检测小鼠肝脏组织中的IL-17水平,用流式细胞仪检测肝脏淋巴细胞亚群中IL-17的表达,根据肝脏病理组织学及血清中肝功能生化指标的变化,观察中和抗体对EAH小鼠肝脏损伤程度的影响。结果模型组小鼠肝脏IL-17表达较对照组显著升高且与炎症程度正相关(r=0.82,P0.01),模型组肝脏淋巴亚群比例无明显变化,而γδT细胞中IL-17+比例显著高于对照组(P0.01)。中和IL-17组小鼠的肝脏炎症明显轻于rat Ig G对照组(P0.01),接近空白对照组(P0.05);γδT细胞清除组小鼠的肝脏炎症明显轻于hamster Ig G对照组(P0.05),但仍高于空白对照组(P0.05)。结论 EAH小鼠中升高的IL-17主要来源于γδT细胞,中和IL-17或γδT细胞均可抑制或减轻炎症,提示肝脏γδT细胞通过IL-17参与EAH致病机制。     

混合菌群发酵秸秆合成菌体蛋白及其动力学分析

混合菌群发酵秸秆可有效提高秸秆纤维的降解率及菌体蛋白的转化率,对拓广蛋白饲料来源、减少环境污染起到积极的作用。本研究以小麦秸秆为原料,在纤维素酶水解预处理的基础上,以米曲霉作为先导菌,进一步分解残留的粗纤维,为后期发酵提供充足的碳源。根据不同微生物的代谢特征和协同机理,试验确定了发酵阶段混合菌群的组成为:米曲霉、产朊假丝酵母和枯草芽胞杆菌;接种顺序为:先接种米曲霉,再接种产朊假丝酵母,最后接种枯草芽胞杆菌。正交试验表明,影响发酵主要因素的主次顺序为:秸秆与麸皮配比>接种比例>发酵时间>接种量>发酵温度;发酵的最适条件为:米曲霉的接种量2.5%,发酵12h后接入5%的产朊假丝酵母,继续发酵8h后接入2.5%的枯草芽胞杆菌,发酵温度为28℃,秸秆与麸皮的配比为4∶1,尿素添加量为1.2%;结合动力学分析,将混合菌群的发酵时间优化为35h,发酵产物中粗蛋白含量由原来的5.47%提高到25%左右。对最适发酵条件下的动力学过程进行了探讨,建立了以Logistic方程为基础的数学模型和动力学方程。本研究表明,混合菌群发酵秸秆提高了发酵产物中的粗蛋白含量。动力学分析对于了解发酵机理、掌握整个发酵过程中混合菌群生长的动态变化、优化发酵工艺具有重要的指导意义。     

江西都昌保护区越冬水鸟群落多样性及种多度

2015年12月至2016年1月,采用定点直接计数法对江西都昌保护区越冬期湿地水鸟群落的物种多样性和种多度进行了监测分析。结果显示:1)共记录在都昌保护区越冬的湿地水鸟6目11科28种,以雁形目、鸻形目、鹳形目鸟类为主(75.00%),其次为鹤形目、??目(21.42%);古北种占绝对优势(78.57%),其次为东洋种(14.29%);冬候鸟为主(78.57%),其次为留鸟(21.43%);涉禽(57.14%)和游禽(39.29%)居多;绝大部分湿地水鸟种类受到关注,35.71%的鸟种处于受胁状态,57.14%的鸟种已引起关注并被列入保护名录中;2)鸟类群落的多样性指数为0.758,均匀度指数为0.228;3)对数正态分布模型模拟的鸟类群落的种多度关系呈对数正态分布,符合鸟类群落常见性与罕见性分布的特性。     

全球气候变暖胁迫下的雅鲁藏布江流域植被覆盖度变化驱动机制探讨

为了解雅鲁藏布江流域内植被变化对气候变化响应的时空差异性,引入重心模型,分析和探讨了2002-2014年雅鲁藏布江流域植被的变化特点与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,植被的NDVI(归一化植被指数,Normalized difference vegetation index)重心与降水重心年际迁移方向具有正相关性。雅鲁藏布江流域的月植被NDVI受前0-1月降水影响最大,而不同季节植被的NDVI对降水影响表现出一定的滞后性,其中春季和冬季的植被NDVI均与前一季的降水呈现正相关性。该流域中乔木、灌木对降水反应的滞后性比草本植物要大;生长季的温度变化与植被的生长具有相关性。植被NDVI与月均温的正相关性达到最大的时间段差异较大。因此,植被NDVI和气候因子间的时空异质性研究对于雅鲁藏布江流域的生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of China shrubland net primary production and its response to climate change from 2001 to 2013

Aims Net primary production (NPP) is the input to terrestrial ecosystem carbon pool. Climate and land use change affect NPP significantly. Shrublands occupy more than 20% of the terrestrial area of China, and their NPP is comparable to those of the forests. Our objective was to estimate China shrubland NPP from 2001 to 2013, and to analyze its variation and response to climate change.Methods We used a Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model to estimate the NPP of six shrubland types in China from 2001 to 2013. Furthermore, we used Theil-Sen slope combined with Mann-kendall test to analyze its spatial variation and a linear regression of one-variable model to analyze its inter- and intra-annual variation. Finally, a multi-factor linear regression model was used to analyze its response to climate change.Important findings We found the annual mean NPP of China shrubland was 281.82 g•m^-2•a^-1. The subtropical evergreen shrubland has the maximum NPP of 420.47 g•m^-2•a^-1, while the high cold desert shrubland has the minimum NPP of 52.65 g•m^-2•a^-1. The countrywide shrublands NPP increased at the rate of 1.23 g•m^-2•a^-1, the relative change rate was 5.99%. The temperate deciduous shrubland NPP increased the fastest with a speed of 3.05 g•m^-2•a^-1 and subalpine evergreen shrubland had a decreasing trend with a speed of -0.73 g•m^-2•a^-1. Moreover, the other four shrublands NPP had a growing trend, only subalpine deciduous shrubland NPP did not change significantly. The response of NPP to climate change of different seasons varies to different shrubland types. In general, the NPP variation was mainly affected by precipitation, and the spring warming also contributed to it. The increase of countrywide shrubland NPP may promote its contribution to the regional ecosystem function.     

Shrub encroachment effect on the evapotranspiration and its component—A numerical simulation study of a shrub encroachment grassland in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Shrub encroachment is a common global change phenomenon occurring in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the difficulty of partitioning evapotranspiration into shrub plants, grass plants and soil in the field, there are few studies focusing on shrub encroachment effect on the evapotranspiration and its component in China. This study aims to illustrate shrub encroachment effect on evapotranspiration by the numerical modeling method. Methods A two-source model was applied and calibrated with the measured evapotranspiration (ET) by the Bowen ratio system to simulate evapotranspiration and its component in a shrub encroachment grassland in Nei Mongol, China. Based on the calibrated model and previous shrub encroachment investigation, we set three scenarios of shrub encroachment characterized by relative shrub coverage of 5%, 15% and 30%, respectively, and quantified their effects caused by shrub encroachment through localized and calibrated two-source model.Important findings The two-source model can well reconstruct the evapotranspiration characteristics of a shrub encroachment grassland. Sensitivity analysis of the model shows that errors for the input variables and parameters have small influence on the result of partitioning evapotranspiration. The result shows that shrub encroachment has relatively small influence on the total amount of ET, but it has clear influence on the proportion of the components of evapotranspiration (E/ET). With shrub coverage increasing from 5% to 15% and then 30%, the evapotranspiration decreased from 182.97 to 180.38 and 176.72 W·m^-2, decreasing amplitude values of 0.34% and 0.44%, respectively. On average, E/ET rises from 52.9% to 53.9% and 55.5%, increasing amplitude values to 2.04% and 3.25%. Data analysis indicates that shrub encroachment results in smaller soil moisture changes, but clear changes of ecosystem structure (decreasing ecosystem leaf area index while increasing vegetation height) which lead to the decrease of transpiration fraction through decreasing canopy conductance. The research highlights that, with the shrub encroachment, more water will be consumed as soil evaporation which is often regarded as invalid part of evapotranspiration and thus resulting in the decrease of water use efficiency.     

Soil water use strategy of dominant species in typical natural and planted shrubs in loess hilly region

Aims Artemisia gmelinii is a dominant specie naturally established after abandonment of cultivated lands in the Loess Plateau, and Caragana korshinskii is one of the main planted shrub species to control soil erosion. Improved understanding of water use strategies of these two species is of great significance to evaluate the sustainable development of the Loess Plateau under the trend of climate warming and increasing drought events.
Methods Stable oxygen-18 isotope was used to determine seasonal variations in the water sources of native A. gmelinii communities established after abandonment of cultivated lands for 7 and 30 years and planted C. korshinskii after 30 years. The contributions of soil water from different depths to water uptake were estimated by the MixSIR Bayesian mixing model. The geometric mean regression method was used to fit the line of precipitation to get the local meteoric water line (LWML).
Important findings The stable hydrogen isotope rate (δD) and stable oxygen isotope rate (δ¹⁸O) of soil water and xylem water plotted to the right side of the LWML, indicating that the isotopic compositions of soil water were enriched due to evaporation. The native A. gmelinii communities established after abandonment of cultivated lands for 7 years and planted C. korshinskii after 30 years showed plasticity in switching water sources from different soil layers, extracting water from shallow soil (0-40 cm) when soil water was available, but deeper soil (40-80 cm) when shallow soil water was dry. In contrast, A. gmelinii growing in site after cultivation abandonment for 30 years mainly relied on water from the surface soil (0-10 cm) throughout the growing season. Our results suggest that the ability of A. gmelinii to compete for soil water reduces with aging of the community while the planted C. korshinskii will have competitive advantage under the condition of increasing frequency of drought events in the future.     

白背飞虱体内金属元素的含量动态及模拟分析

摘要: 为明确金属元素在白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)体内的分布及其含量动态, 将白背飞虱长翅成虫在实验室中用超纯水分别饲养0, 24, 48, 96 h后测量其体重变化; 并用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测各个处理虫体内12种金属元素(Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ca, Fe, Na, As, U, Mg, K和Pb)的含量。以白背飞虱整个体重(W)、 有机体组织重量(O)、 体内可排泄内容物重量(E)及可排泄内容物排出体外的速率(r)为参数, 构建其体重变化的修正指数模型W_t=O+E(1-r)^t。基于白背飞虱体内金属元素总含量(WC_t)为有机体组织内含量(OC)和可排泄内容物中含量(EC)按两者百分率(OP_t和EP_t)加权之和, 即WC_t=OC·OP_t+EC·EP_t, 分别估计白背飞虱体内组织和可排泄内容物中金属元素含量。模拟分析结果表明： Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn和Ca这5种元素在白背飞虱组织内的含量显著高于其可排泄内容物中的含量(P<0.05), 表明这些金属元素可被昆虫有机体组织吸收、 积累, 并稳定地存在于昆虫的有机体组织之中。Fe, Na, As, U, Mg, K和Pb这7种元素在白背飞虱有机体组织内的含量与其可排泄内容物中的含量接近, 其在有机体组织中和可排泄内容物中的分布差异不显著(P>0.05), 以相对平衡状态存在于白背飞虱有机体组织和可排泄内容物中。该分析方法可能为其他小型和微型昆虫体内金属元素的分布、 积累、 排泄的研究提供借鉴。     

麦红吸浆虫随气流远距离扩散的轨迹分析

为了解麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin)种群随气流远距离扩散的可能性和扩散方向, 本研究于2010年5月在河南省洛阳市洛宁县, 利用系留气球携带取样器调查了麦红吸浆虫种群在5~75 m高空的分布以及活动节律, 应用HYSPLIT-4大气扩散模型模拟了2010年以洛宁县(34.35°N, 111.52°E)为起始点, 空中不同高度层麦红吸浆虫种群的扩散轨迹, 以及2007年麦红吸浆虫种群在我国北方麦区的扩散轨迹。结果表明: 在成虫发生期, 麦红吸浆虫在空中5, 45, 50和65 m 4个高度层种群密度较大, 表现出了明显的成层效应。2010年河南洛宁迁入的种群来自西南方的河南南阳地区, 迁出种群能够随气流进入东北方向的河南省宜阳县境内。2007年麦红吸浆虫种群能够随小麦发育期的先后, 随西南气流逐步向东北方向扩散。成虫随气流扩散是麦红吸浆虫种群远距离扩散的一种重要方式。研究结果有助于了解我国麦红吸浆虫远距离扩散方式, 同时对优化发生动态监测和综合治理提供参考。