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61.
Yadira Rodríguez Silvia García Raquel Lebrero Raúl Muñoz 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2023,120(11):3224-3233
Biogas biorefineries have opened up new horizons beyond heat and electricity production in the anaerobic digestion sector. Added-value products such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which are environmentally benign and potential candidates to replace conventional plastics, can be generated from biogas. This work investigated the potential of an innovative two-stage growth-accumulation system for the continuous production of biogas-based polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Methylocystis hirsuta CSC1 as cell factory. The system comprised two turbulent bioreactors in series to enhance methane and oxygen mass transfer: a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and a bubble column bioreactor (BCB) with internal gas recirculation. The CSTR was devoted to methanotrophic growth under nitrogen balanced growth conditions and the BCB targeted PHB production under nitrogen limiting conditions. Two different operational approaches under different nitrogen loading rates and dilution rates were investigated. A balanced nitrogen loading rate along with a dilution rate (D) of 0.3 day−1 resulted in the most stable operating conditions and a PHB productivity of ~53 g PHB m−3 day−1. However, higher PHB productivities (~127 g PHB m−3 day−1) were achieved using nitrogen excess at a D = 0.2 day−1. Overall, the high PHB contents (up to 48% w/w) obtained in the CSTR under theoretically nutrient balanced conditions and the poor process stability challenged the hypothetical advantages conferred by multistage vs single-stage process configurations for long-term PHB production. 相似文献
62.
David L. Musso Nariman B. Mehta Francis E. Soroko Robert M. Ferris Elizabeth B. Hollingsworth Bernard T. Kenney 《Chirality》1993,5(7):495-500
The synthesis of the enantiomers of bupropion, (rac)-2-tert-butylamino-3′-chloropropiophenone 1 (Wellbutrin®) is described. The enantiomers were compared with the racemate in both the tetrabenazine-induced sedation model and the inhibition of uptake of biogenic amine assay. No significant differences were found in their potencies to reverse tetrabenazine-induced sedation in mice or in their IC50 values as inhibitors of biogenic amine uptake into nerve endings obtained from mouse brain. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
63.
Differentiation and structural decline in the leaves and bark of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentrations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg Rainer Matyssek Christoph Scheidegger Theodor Keller 《Trees - Structure and Function》1993,7(2):104-114
Summary Leaf and bark structure of a birch clone (Betula pendula Roth) continuously exposed to charcoal-filtered air or charcoal-filtered air plus ozone (0.05, 0.075, 0.1 l 1-1) was investigated throughout one growing season. Increasing ozone dose influenced leaf differentiation by reducing leaf area and increasing inner leaf air space, density of cells developing into stomata, scales and hairs. When approximately the same ozone dose had been reached, macroscopical and microscopical symptoms appeared irrespective of the ozone concentration used during treatment. Structural decline began in mesophyll cells around stomatal cavities (droplet-like exudates on the cell walls), continued with disintegration of the cytoplasma and ended in cell collapse. Epidermal cells showed shrinkage of the mucilaginous layer (related to water loss). Their collapse marked the final stage of leaf decline. When subsidiary cells collapsed, guard cells passively opened for a transitory period before collapsing and closing. With increasing ozone dose starch remained accumulated along the small leaf veins and in guard cells. IIK-positive grains were formed in the epidermal cells. This contrasted with the senescent leaves, where starch was entirely retranslocated. Injury symptoms in stem and petiole proceeded from the epidermis to the cambium. Reduced tissue area indicated reduced cambial activity. In plants grown in filtered air and transferred into ozone on 20 August, injury symptoms developed faster than in leaves formed in the presence of ozone. Results are discussed with regard to O3-caused acclimation and injury mechanisms. 相似文献
64.
Sarrah M'Barek Ziad Fajloun Sandrine Cestle Christiane Devaux Pascal Mansuelle Amor Mosbah Besma Jouirou Massimo Mantegazza Jurphaas van Rietschoten Mohamed El Ayeb Herv Rochat Jean‐Marc Sabatier Francois Sampieri 《Journal of peptide science》2004,10(11):666-677
Aah I is a 63-residue alpha-toxin isolated from the venom of the Buthidae scorpion Androctonus australis hector, which is considered to be the most dangerous species. We report here the first chemical synthesis of Aah I by the solid-phase method, using a Fmoc strategy. The synthetic toxin I (sAah I) was renatured in DMSO-Tris buffer, purified and subjected to thorough analysis and comparison with the natural toxin. The sAah I showed physico-chemical (CD spectrum, molecular mass, HPLC elution), biochemical (amino-acid composition, sequence), immunochemical and pharmacological properties similar to those of the natural toxin. The synthetic toxin was recognized by a conformation-dependent monoclonal anti-Aah I antibody, with an IC50 value close to that for the natural toxin. Following intracerebroventricular injection, the synthetic and the natural toxins were similarly lethal to mice. In voltage-clamp experiments, Na(v) 1.2 sodium channel inactivation was inhibited by the application of sAah I or of the natural toxin in a similar way. This work describes a simple protocol for the chemical synthesis of a scorpion alpha-toxin, making it possible to produce structural analogues in time. 相似文献
65.
66.
Michael Lippert Karl Steiner Hans-Dieter Payer Sabina Simons Christian Langebartels Heinrich Sandermann Jr. 《Trees - Structure and Function》1996,10(4):268-275
An exposure — response study with proportionalto-ambient ozone levels was conducted in closed chambers on 3-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) of montane origin. The fumigation started in April 1990 and lasted for a single growing season. Climate data and ozone concentrations monitored at an experimental station of the Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Schönenbuch, Switzerland were simulated in the exposure chambers 12 days later (1*O3). To test exposure-response relations three additional treatments were applied, subambient (0.2*O3) and two proportionally increased ozone treatments (1.5*O3 and 2*O3). The photosynthetic behaviour of the trees in August revealed the light reactions to be less affected than parameters which are related to the dark reactions of photosynthesis. Assimilation (A350), apparent carboxylation efficiency (CE), and maximum photosynthetic capacity (A2500) were reduced with increasing ozone concentration. For the ozone response of CE and A2500 Critical Levels were calculated. 相似文献
67.
From April 1988 to October 1991 3-year-old seed propagated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees were exposed in open-top chambers to four different levels of air pollution: (1) charcoal filtered air, (2) ambient
air, (3) ambient air plus 30 nl 1-1 ozone during the summer, and (4) ambient air plus 30 nl 1-1 ozone during the summer and 20 nl 1-1 SO2 and NO2 during the winter. Leaf colour was studied in the autumns of 1989 and 1991 and a close relationship between ozone dose and
premature senescence was found. A correlation also exists between the colour groups and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Ozone fumigation increases the size and speeds up the development of the plastoglobules. This is described using an index
based on the volume of plastoglobules as a percentage of chloroplast volume. The index was significantly higher for ozone
fumigated plants than for control plants during August to November 1989. According to all three methods it is concluded that
low levels of ozone accelerate leaf senescence processes inF. sylvatica. There are indications that leaves of the first and the second flush react differently to the ozone treatment. Irrespective
of the ozone treatment a special cell wall structure, probably a local suberization, is confined to the subsidiary cells in
leaves of the first flush. 相似文献
68.
The impact of salinity on CH4 emission was studied by adding salt to a Philippine rice paddy, increasing pore water EC to approx. 4 dS.m-1 Methane emission from the salt-amended plot and adjacent control plots was monitored with a closed chamber technique. The
addition of salt to the rice field caused a reduction by 25% in CH4 emission. Rates of methane emissions from intact soil cores were measured during aerobic and anaerobic incubations. The anaerobic
CH4 fluxes from the salt-amended soil cores were three to four times lower than from cores of the control plot, whereas the aerobic
CH4 fluxes were about equal. Measurements of the potential CH4 production with depth showed that the CH4 production in the salt-amended field was strongly reduced compared to the control field. Calculation of the percentage CH4 oxidized of the anaerobic flux indicated that CH4 oxidation in the salt-amended plot was even more inhibited than CH4 production. The net result was about equal aerobic CH4 fluxes from both salt-amended plots and non-amended plots. The data illustrate the importance of both CH4 production and CH4 oxidation when estimating CH4 emission and show that the ratio between CH4 production and CH4 oxidation may depend on environmental conditions. The reduction in CH4 emission from rice paddies upon amendment with salt low in sulfate is considerably smaller than the reduction in CH4 emission observed in a similar study where fields were amended with high-sulfate containing salt (gypsum). The results indicate
that CH4 emissions from wetland rice fields on saline, low-sulfate soils are lower than CH4 emissions from otherwise comparable non-saline rice tields. However, the reduction in CH4 emission is not proportional to the reduction in CH4 production 相似文献
69.
Disaccharides were microbaially transformed to their corresponding 3-keto-derivatives by resting cells of Agrobacterium tumefaciens NCPPB 396. The kinetics and yield of this highly specific oxidation depend on several factors. The oxygen concentration especially has a major influence on the production of 3-keto-derivatives and was investigated kinetically with respect to low stationary oxygen concentrations in solution. Experiments showed unconventional results that conflicted with normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A kinetic model was developed and the kinetic constants were calculated. The model and experimental data for sucrose, maltose, iso-maltulose (palatinose), and leucrose are in good agreement with each other. Initial reaction rates with different sugars using constant oxygen concentrations resulted in a Michaelis-Mentent type function. The complete kinetics, including the effect of disaccharide and oxygen concentrations, are presented. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
70.
The catalytic properties of bovine liver catalase have been investigated in organic solvents. In tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and acetone (all containing 1% to 3% of water), the enzyme breaks down tert-butyl hydroperoxide several fold faster than in pure water. Furthermore, the rate of catalase-catalyzed production of tert-butanol from tert-butyl hydroperoxide increases more than 400-fold upon transition from aqueous buffer to ethanol as the reaction medium. The mechanistic rationale for this striking effect is that in aqueous buffer the rate-limiting step of the enzymatic process involves the reduction of catalase's compound I by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. In ethanol, and additional step in the reaction scheme becomes available in which ethanol, greatly outcompeting the hydroperoxide, is oxidized by compound I regenerating the free enzyme. In solvents, such as acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran, which themselves are not oxidizable by compound I, catalase catalyzes the oxidation of numerous primary and secondary alcohols with tert-butyl hydroperoxide to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. The enzymatic oxidation of some chiral alcohols (2,3-butanediol, citronellol, and menthol) under these conditions occurs enantioselectively. Examination of the enantioselectivity for the oxidation of 2,3-butanediol in a series of organic solvents reveals a considerable solvent dependence. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献