低剂量胸部CT自动管电流调节技术在超重体型患者检查中的可行性研究

目的：探讨16层螺旋CT自动管电流调节技术（CAREDose4D）在超重体型患者检查中的可行性。方法：收集行胸部CT检查的超重体型患者（BMI值于24-27．9之间）100例,扫描分低剂量组（A组）和常规剂量组（B组）,其中A组扫描运用CAREDose4D技术自动调节管电流;B组扫描运用常规剂量管电流为70mAs扫描。扫描完成后记录加权CT剂量指数（CTDlvol）、有效mAs值、剂量长度乘积（DLP）,计算出有效剂量（ED）及剂量减低比值（DR）,并比较两组的剂量及图像质量。结果：与B组相比,A组常规扫描辐射剂量显著降低,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）,A组剂量减低比值（DR）降低约20．84％,而图像质量无明显下降,不影响诊断,在主动脉弓上4cm（肺尖）层面A组图像质量优于B组,差异有统计学意义（x^2=8．442,P=0．015）。结论：自动管电流调节技术既可以减少患者的辐射剂量,对待超重体型患者个体化、人性化,又不影响影像诊断,是一项有价值的检查方法。     

Gender-specific genetic associations of polymorphisms in ACE,AKR1C2, FTO and MMP2 with weight gain over a 10-year period

Weight gain, when it leads to overweight or obesity, is nowadays one of the major health problems. ACE, FTO, AKR1C2, TIMP4 and MMP2 genes have been implicated in previous studies on weight regulation. This study investigated the contribution of polymorphisms in these five candidate genes to the risk of weight gain over a 10-year time period. Two groups were selected from participants of the Doetinchem cohort study who were followed over a 10-year period: A stable weight group (±2 kg/10 year; n = 259) and a weight gainers group who increased their body weight by roughly 10 % (>8 kg/10 year; n = 237). Starting BMI was between 20 and 35 kg/m² and baseline age between 20 and 45 years. Selected SNPs and insert/deletion in candidate genes were measured in each group. In men, the allelic distribution of FTO rs9939609 (χ²p = 0.005), ACE rs4340 (χ²p = 0.006) and AKR1C2 rs12249281 (χ²p = 0.019) differed between the weight stable and weight gainers group. Interaction between FTO rs9939609 and ACE rs4340 was observed. In women, the allelic distribution of MMP2 rs1132896 differed between the weight stable and weight gainers group (χ²p = 0.00001). The A-allele of FTO was associated with a 1.99× higher risk of gaining weight in men (OR 1.99, p = 0.020), while in women, the C-allele of MMP2 was associated with a 2.50× higher risk of weight gain (OR 2.50, p = 0.001) over the 10-year period. We found that FTO in men and MMP2 in women are associated with weight gain over a 10-year follow-up period.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12263-014-0434-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

吡格列酮二甲双胍联合运动康复对超重或肥胖2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢和胰岛功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨吡格列酮二甲双胍联合运动康复对超重或肥胖2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢和胰岛功能的影响。方法：选取经一般生活方式干预血糖控制不佳的超重或肥胖2型糖尿病患者85例,按照干预方式分为药物组（40例）和联合组（45例）,两组均给予糖尿病教育和饮食指导,药物组给予吡格列酮二甲双胍片口服,联合组在药物组基础上给予运动康复,分别于干预前及干预3个月后,计算体质量指数（BMI）,测定空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、甘油三酯（TG）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素(FINS),并计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）。结果：两组患者干预3个月后的FPG、2hPG、HBA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC、LDL-C、TG、FFA均较干预前下降,HOMA-β、HDL-C较干预前升高（P＜0.05）,联合组干预3个月后的BMI较干预前下降（P＜0.05）。干预3个月后,联合组的BMI、2hPG、HBA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC、LDL-C、TG、FFA均低于药物组（P＜0.05）。结论：吡格列酮二甲双胍联合运动康复可改善超重或肥胖2型糖尿病患者的糖脂代谢紊乱,并具有额外的减重获益,且能够改善患者的胰岛功能。     

The impact of weight classification on safety: timing steps to adapt to external constraints

Objectives:

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate how weight classification influences safety by examining adults’ ability to meet a timing constraint: walking to the pace of an audio metronome.

Methods:

With a cross-sectional design, walking parameters were collected as 55 adults with normal (n=30) and overweight (n=25) body mass index scores walked to slow, normal, and fast audio metronome paces.

Results:

Between group comparisons showed that at the fast pace, those with overweight body mass index (BMI) had longer double limb support and stance times and slower cadences than the normal weight group (all ps<0.05). Examinations of participants’ ability to meet the metronome paces revealed that participants who were overweight had higher cadences at the slow and fast paces (all ps<0.05).

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that those with overweight BMI alter their gait to maintain biomechanical stability. Understanding how excess weight influences gait adaptation can inform interventions to improve safety for individuals with obesity.     

Transgenic expression of myostatin propeptide prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance

Obesity and insulin resistance cause serious consequences to human health. To study effects of skeletal muscle growth on obesity prevention, we focused on a key gene of skeletal muscle named myostatin, which plays an inhibitory role in muscle growth and development. We generated transgenic mice through muscle-specific expression of the cDNA sequence (5'-region 886 nucleotides) encoding for the propeptide of myostatin. The transgene effectively depressed myostatin function. Transgenic mice showed dramatic growth and muscle mass by 9 weeks of age. Here we reported that individual major muscles of transgenic mice were 45-115% heavier than those of wild-type mice, maintained normal blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and fat mass after a 2-month regimen with a high-fat diet (45% kcal fat). In contrast, high-fat diet induced wild-type mice with 170-214% more fat mass than transgenic mice and developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Insulin signaling, measured by Akt phosphorylation, was significantly elevated by 144% in transgenic mice over wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet. Interestingly, high-fat diet significantly increased adiponectin secretion while blood insulin, resistin, and leptin levels remained normal in the transgenic mice. The results suggest that disruption of myostatin function by its propeptide favours dietary fat utilization for muscle growth and maintenance. An increased secretion of adiponectin may promote energy partition toward skeletal muscles, suggesting that a beneficial interaction between muscle and adipose tissue play a role in preventing obesity and insulin resistance.     

中国藏缅语族成人的超重与肥胖

运用人体测量学的方法,研究组从2015年到2019年在贵州、云南、四川、西藏、湖北、湖南6省区调查藏缅语族17个少数民族成人的体质指标。测量指标包括体质量、身高与皮褶厚度。计算指标包括身体质量指数、体密度和体脂率。藏缅语族民族的身体质量指数与人均GDP呈正相关。藏缅语族民族的肥胖与超重率受社会经济因素和历史文化因素影响。藏缅语族男女的肥胖与超重率都较高,迫切需要采取积极的措施来应对和预防。     

利拉鲁肽对二甲双胍控制不佳的肥胖/超重2型糖尿病患者氧化应激、NLRP3炎症小体及脂肪因子水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨利拉鲁肽对二甲双胍控制不佳的肥胖/超重2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者氧化应激、NLRP3炎症小体及脂肪因子水平的影响。方法：选择2018年2月-2020年1月期间河北北方学院附属第一医院收治的二甲双胍控制不佳的肥胖/超重T2DM患者160例。按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（80例,阿卡波糖治疗）和研究组（80例,阿卡波糖联合利拉鲁肽治疗）。观察两组的收缩压（SBP）、腰臀比（WHR）、体质量指数（BMI）、胰岛素抵抗指标、糖脂代谢指标、氧化应激指标、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3（NLRP3）炎症小体及脂肪因子水平变化情况。结果：两组治疗后BMI、WHR、SBP均下降,且研究组的下降幅度更大（P<0.05）。两组治疗后胰岛?茁细胞分泌功能指数（HOMA-?茁）升高,胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）下降,且研究组的改变幅度更大（P<0.05）。两组治疗后甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、空腹血糖（FPG）下降,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）升高,且研究组的改变幅度更大（P<0.05）。两组治疗后丙二醛（MDA）下降,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）升高,且研究组的改变幅度更大（P<0.05）。两组治疗后NLRP3炎症小体均下降,且研究组的改变幅度更大（P<0.05）。两组治疗后脂联素升高,瘦素下降,且研究组的改变幅度更大（P<0.05）。结论：利拉鲁肽应用于治疗二甲双胍控制不佳的肥胖/超重T2DM患者,可减轻氧化应激,有效改善糖脂代谢,调节NLRP3炎症小体及脂肪因子水平。     

Obesity inequality and well-being in Germany

Using 2002–2018 German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) data for German adults aged 18 + , this study measures changes in the body mass index (BMI) distribution and obesity inequality to estimate the relation between the latter and subjective well-being. In addition to documenting a significant association between the various measures of obesity inequality and subjective well-being, especially among women, we show a significant increase in obesity inequality, particularly among females and those with low education and/or low income. This rising inequality points to the need to combat obesity through initiatives targeted at specific sociodemographic groups.     

Parents’ education and child body weight in France: The trajectory of the gradient in the early years

This paper explores the relationship between parental education and offspring body weight in France. Using two large datasets spanning the 1991–2010 period, we examine the existence of inequalities in maternal and paternal education and reported child body weight measures, as well as their evolution across childhood. Our empirical specification is flexible and allows this evolution to be non-monotonic. Significant inequalities are observed for both parents’ education – maternal (respectively paternal) high education is associated with a 7.20 (resp. 7.10) percentage points decrease in the probability that the child is reported to be overweight or obese, on average for children of all ages. The gradient with respect to parents’ education follows an inverted U-shape across childhood, meaning that the association between parental education and child body weight widens from birth to age 8, and narrows afterward. Specifically, maternal high education is correlated with a 5.30 percentage points decrease in the probability that the child is reported to be overweight or obese at age 2, but a 9.62 percentage points decrease at age 8, and a 1.25 percentage point decrease at age 17. The figures for paternal high education are respectively 5.87, 9.11, and 4.52. This pattern seems robust, since it is found in the two datasets, when alternative variables for parental education and reported child body weight are employed, and when controls for potential confounding factors are included. The findings for the trajectory of the income gradient corroborate those of the education gradient. The results may be explained by an equalization in actual body weight across socioeconomic groups during youth, or by changes in reporting styles of height and weight.     

Cost-effectiveness of a family-based GP-mediated intervention targeting overweight and moderately obese children

Objective

To assess from a societal perspective the incremental cost-effectiveness of a family-based GP-mediated intervention targeting overweight and moderately obese children. The intervention was modelled on the LEAP (live, eat and play) trial, a randomised controlled trial conducted by the Centre for Community Child Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2002-2003. This study was undertaken as part of the assessing cost-effectiveness (ACE) in obesity project which evaluated, using consistent methods, 13 interventions targeting unhealthy weight gain in children and adolescents.

Method

A logic pathway was used to model the effects of the intervention compared to no intervention on body mass index (BMI) and health outcomes (disability-adjusted life years—DALYs). Disease costs and health benefits were tracked until the cohort of eligible children reached the age of 100 years or death. Simulation-modelling techniques were used to present a 95% uncertainty interval around the cost-effectiveness ratio. The intervention was also assessed against a series of filters (‘equity’, ‘strength of evidence’, ‘acceptability’, ‘feasibility’, sustainability’ and ‘side-effects’) to incorporate additional factors that impact on resource allocation decisions.

Results

The intervention, as modelled, reached 9685 children aged 5-9 years with a BMI z-score of ≥3.0, and cost $AUD6.3M (or $AUD4.8M excluding time costs). It resulted in an incremental saving of 2300 BMI units which translated to 511 DALYs. The cost-offsets stemming from the intervention totalled $AUD3.6M, resulting in a net cost per DALY saved of $AUD4670 (dominated; $0.1M) (dominated means intervention costs more for less effect).

Conclusion

Compared to a ‘no intervention’ control group, the intervention was cost-effective under current assumptions, although the uncertainty intervals were wide. A key question related to the long-term sustainability of the small incremental weight loss reported, based on the 9-month follow-up results for LEAP.