遥感数据支持下不同地表覆盖的区域蒸散

将地表能量平衡系统(SEBS)扩展成遥感日蒸散估算模型,利用MODIS遥感数据估算了黄淮海地区的区域蒸散,并在地理信息系统的支持下分析了不同地表覆盖下的区域蒸散统计分布特征.在缺乏各地表覆盖类型相应蒸散量实测值进行对比的情况下,以2001年4月17日估算的日蒸散量为例,通过各地表覆盖类型日蒸散量间的相互对比分析表明,SEBS估算的区域日蒸散量具有一定的合理性.分析结果表明：在黄淮海地区,荒地具有最低的蒸散量;森林、灌木、草地等地表覆盖类型具有中等的蒸散量;而水体、湿地以及耕地具有较高的蒸散量.可能由于包含绿地和水面,城镇用地的蒸散量也较高.土壤含水量的空间差异性导致森林、灌木、草地和耕地等地表覆盖类型的蒸散量具有明显的空间差异性.耕地蒸散量的空间差异性可以为制定合理、高效的农田灌溉计划提供指示作用.SEBS遥感日蒸散模型的局限性在于有可能低估水体和湿地等地表覆盖类型的蒸散量.     

青海可可西里地区鱼类资源及其保护的初步研究

青海可可西里地区是世界上最少研究的地区之一。通过多次零星的鱼类调查（１９７３－１９８６）和１９９０年５至８月间对本区进行的全面水生生物和鱼类考察。本文首次报道其有关的浮游植物、浮游动物和鱼类种类分布及生物学特性等问题。诸如浮游动、植物的水平分布、优势和群和生物量及鱼类食性、年龄、生长、繁殖等。     

Microsecond simulations of mdm2 and its complex with p53 yield insight into force field accuracy and conformational dynamics

The p53‐MDM2 complex is both a major target for cancer drug development and a valuable model system for computational predictions of protein‐ligand binding. To investigate the accuracy of molecular simulations of MDM2 and its complex with p53, we performed a number of long (200 ns to 1 µs) explicit‐solvent simulations using a range of force fields. We systematically compared nine popular force fields (AMBER ff03, ff12sb, ff14sb, ff99sb, ff99sb‐ildn, ff99sb‐ildn‐nmr, ff99sb‐ildn‐phi, CHARMM22*, and CHARMM36) against experimental chemical shift data, and found similarly accurate results, with microsecond simulations achieving better agreement compared to 200‐ns trajectories. Although the experimentally determined apo structure has a closed binding cleft, simulations in all force fields suggest the apo state of MDM2 is highly flexible, and able to sample holo‐like conformations, consistent with a conformational selection model. Initial structuring of the MDM2 lid region, known to competitively bind the binding cleft, is also observed in long simulations. Taken together, these results show molecular simulations can accurately sample conformations relevant for ligand binding. We expect this study to inform future computational work on folding and binding of MDM2 ligands. Proteins 2015; 83:1665–1676. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Synthesis,luminescence, and excited-state absorption properties of disubstituted perylene diimide derivatives modified at bay region

Three A–π–A or D–π–D perylene diimide ( PDI ) derivatives with varied groups on π-conjugate were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of these compounds were systematically studied by spectral experiments and density functional theory calculations. All compounds displayed intense absorption bands at 300–800 nm wavelengths. However, diverse groups on the π-conjugate influenced the UV–vis absorption. Electron-withdrawing groups on PDI-2 caused a slight red shift at the 350–400 nm wavelength and a blue shift after 400 nm wavelength. At the same time, the electron-donating substituents on PDI-3 caused an obvious red shift of this band. These PDI derivatives exhibited emission in solution at room temperature (λ_em = 500–850 nm). The quantum yield of PDI-3 decreased, while the electron-donating substituents were introduced to the π-conjugated motifs. However, the quantum yield of PDI-2 increased when electron-withdrawing substituents were introduced to the π-conjugated motifs. In addition, PDI-1 and PDI-2 exhibited broad triplet transient absorption in the visible region. These photophysical properties could help us to understand the relationship between structure and photophysical properties of perylene diimide derivatives and exploit more original perylene diimide-based optical functional materials.     

黄土高原子午岭油松林的种子雨和土壤种子库动态

对黄土高原区子午岭不同林龄(18a、29a、40a、54a)油松(Pinus tabulaeformis carr.)人工林及天然林(约75a)的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究.结果表明,该区油松种子雨一般从每年9月初开始,一直到11月底结束,种子雨降落历程与林龄大小有关,种子雨发生时间和降落高峰期有所不同.不同林龄的油松种子雨强度不同,种子雨总量大小顺序为:40a人工林((489 9±8.64)粒· m-2)＞29a人工林((346.8±7.45)粒· m-2)＞54a人工林((327.1±8.13)粒· m-2)＞天然林((146.9±5.25)粒· m-2)＞18a人工林((78.1±2.72)粒· m-2).种子雨总量随林龄的增加而增加,约40a时达到高峰,种子雨活力也以40a时最高.不同林龄油松林土壤种子库存在显著差异,其中18a人工林种子库最小,40a人工林种子库最大.从种子雨降落到次年4月,5种林分土壤种子库总量下降了42.34%～53.59%,空粒种子增加了26.72%～48.69%;从4月到8月份种子腐烂率由10.28%～13 62%增加到57.25%～63.28%.动物的搬运、取食和种子腐烂死亡是种子库损耗的主要因素.土壤种子库中的油松种子主要集中在枯枝落叶层,其次为0～2cm层,2～10cm层种子最少.到8月中旬,土壤中98.26%的油松种子都已丧失活性.不同林分下油松幼苗的密度差异较大,40a人工林下幼苗最多,其余依次为29a人工林、54a人工林和天然林,18a人工林下的实生苗极少,幼苗死亡率极高.在一定龄级范围内,人工林结实能力和更新潜力随林龄增加而增加,40a时更新潜力最大.虽然有大量种子下落,但由于种子大量损耗和幼苗死亡,通过环境筛作用而最终可以成熟的个体数量十分有限.     

Identification of residues in the human guanylate-binding protein 1 critical for nucleotide binding and cooperative GTP hydrolysis

The guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) form a group of interferon-gamma inducible GTP-binding proteins which belong to the family of dynamin-related proteins. Like other members of this family, human guanylate-binding protein 1 (hGBP1) shows nucleotide-dependent oligomerisation that stimulates the GTPase activity of the protein. A unique feature of the GBPs is their ability to hydrolyse GTP to GDP and GMP. In order to elucidate the relationship between these findings, we designed point mutants in the phosphate-binding loop (P-loop) as well as in the switch I and switch II regions of the protein based on the crystal structure of hGBP1. These mutant proteins were analysed for their interaction with guanine nucleotides labeled with a fluorescence dye and for their ability to hydrolyse GTP in a cooperative manner. We identified mutations of amino acid residues that decrease GTPase activity by orders of magnitude a part of which are conserved in GTP-binding proteins. In addition, mutants in the P-loop were characterized that strongly impair binding of nucleotide. In consequence, together with altered GTPase activity and given cellular nucleotide concentrations this results in hGBP1 mutants prevailingly resting in the nucleotide-free (K51A and S52N) or the GTP bound form (R48A), respectively. Using size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation we addressed the impact on protein oligomerisation. In summary, mutants of hGBP1 were identified and biochemically characterized providing hGBP1 locked in defined states in order to investigate their functional role in future cell biology studies.     

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in two populations of Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis)

Current genetic composition of a population is influenced by site-specific demographic history. We compared genetic diversity in two populations of Taiwanese macaques (Macaca cyclopis) with different site characteristics. Mitochondrial DNA variation in 145 individuals from one central, continuous population (Yushan) and one peripheral, isolated population (Shoushan) was ascertained by sequencing and PCR–SSCP of the 5 end hypervariable segment of the control region amplified from hair and fecal samples. All the samples from Yushan were of the same haplotype whereas those from Shoushan fell into 13 haplotypes. The mtDNA homogeneity in Yushan may indicate a local concentration of troops status of the population or the result of population bottleneck in the recent past by severe hunting. The relatively higher genetic diversity in the Shoushan population was contributed by released or escaped captive macaques. In addition, a simple method for preserving fecal sample as a DNA source is also recommended in the study.