长江中下游地区农业气候资源时空变化特征

以1981年为时间节点,将1961-2007年分为1961-1980年（时段Ⅰ）和1981-2007年（时段Ⅱ）两个时间段,分析和比较两个时段的农业气候资源变化特征.结果表明：气候变暖背景下,长江中下游地区1961-2007年温度生长期内≥10 ℃积温气候倾向率平均为74 ℃·d·10 a^-1;时段Ⅱ≥10 ℃积温较时段Ⅰ平均增加了124 ℃·d;与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ双季稻的安全种植界限向北推移了0.79个纬度.1961-2007年温度生长期内降水量总体表现为增加趋势;与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ降水量增加了1.6%,降水量≥767 mm（双季稻正常生长的需水量）的面积增加了1.13×10.4 km².时段Ⅱ温度生长期内日照时数较时段Ⅰ平均减少了8.1%;近47年中91.1%的气象站点日照时数表现为减少趋势.与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ温度生长期内参考作物蒸散量呈略微减少趋势,其低值区扩大、高值区缩小.时段Ⅱ稳定通过10 ℃初日平均较时段Ⅰ提前了2 d,而时段Ⅱ≥20 ℃终日平均较时段Ⅰ推迟了2 d,两个时段 ≥22 ℃终日基本相同.     

HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA) PREDATION ON SEINED SALMONIDS IN THE LOWER KLAMATH RIVER, CALIFORNIA

Feeding activity of harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ) was monitored while the California Department of Fish and Game seined and tagged migrating adult salmonids between 1984 and 1988. The number of predations observed each week of observation was significantly correlated with the number of fish seined during that week. There was a significantly higher number of predations observed on days when seining took place than on days when no seining occurred. Our observations suggest that most, if not all, predations we observed on days when seining occurred involved fish that had been recently seined and released. The estimated percentage of seined fish taken by seals was relatively constant over the five years of the study, ranging from 3.1% to 5.5%. Various strategies for reducing the level of predation on seined salmonids in the lower Klamath River are discussed.     

江苏宜兴龙池山现代植被表土孢粉的初步研究

江苏宜兴龙池山森林自然保护区表土花粉分析结果表明,表土孢粉植物群主要以栎属(Quercus)、松属(Pinus)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栲属(Castanopsis)/柯属(Lithocarpus)、栗属(Castanea)占优势的木本植物组成,混生有枫香属(Liquidambar)、杨梅属(Myrica)、冬青属(Ilex)、女贞属(Ligustrum)、紫树属(Nyssa)、盐肤木属(Rhus)、黄连木属(Pistacia)等亚热带常见植物类型。研究区不同海拔高度的表土孢粉组合特征基本反映了当地现今的植物构成、植被面貌及其垂直分布规律。结合长江三角洲及其周边地区其他代表性表土花粉资料,首次提出以常绿阔叶木本植物与落叶阔叶木本植物含量之比(E/D),并结合重要优势、标志木本植物科属,初步识别和确立各地带性森林植被的表土花粉指标,为这一地区开展第四纪古植被和古气候等孢粉研究提供参考性依据。     

长江口及其邻近水域冬季浮游植物群集

应用Uterm hl方法分析了2005年2月28日至3月10日在长江口及其邻近水域进行的大面调查所获浮游植物采水样品,报道了该水域浮游植物的群落特征.初步鉴定浮游植物5门67属130种(含未定名25种).调查水域浮游植物群落主要由硅藻组成,其次为甲藻,此外还有少量的金藻、蓝藻和绿藻.主要优势种为具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula)、标志布莱克里亚藻(Bleakeleya nota-ta)、辐射圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus radiatus)和离心列海链藻(Thalassiosira excentrica).调查区浮游植物的细胞丰度介于0.1~90.0cells.ml-1,平均值为10.1cells.ml-1.浮游植物的水平分布特征是近岸处浮游植物丰度高,远岸处丰度低.水体表层的浮游植物细胞丰度最高,表层之下细胞丰度略有降低,但变化不大.浮游植物的细胞丰度和叶绿素a与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度呈显著正相关,而与盐度呈负相关.调查区中部香农-威纳多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数较高,而东北部和近岸水域较低.     

Determination of species-area relationships and minimum sampling area for the shrub communities in the arid valley in the upper reach of the Minjiang River, China

The minimum sampling areas (MSAs) for the shrub communities in the arid valley in the upper reach of the Minjiang River, China, were studied by fitting community species-area relationships using 3 types of equations. The MSAs were determined at the proportional factor (ρ) 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9. The proportional factors represent the proportion of the number of species within a sampling plot in the total number of species. The MSAs of the shrub communities at different elevations and on different slope faces for ρ = 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 were all around 100 m². Hence, the MSAs could be set to be 100 m² (10 m × 10 m) at 60%–80% precision levels. For ρ = 0.9, that is, for a 90% precision level, the MSAs were less than 200 m² (10 m × 20 m). The MSAs and species richness increased gradually with the rising elevation. At the elevation below 2000 m, the MSAs and species richness on the north-facing slope were larger than those on the south-facing slope. However, at the elevation around 2200 m, there was no difference amongst different facing slopes. For the shrub communities in the arid valley in the upper reach of the Minjiang River, the species-area curves by fitting the first two equations are better than that by fitting the third equation.     

Diet overlap among two Asian carp and three native fishes in backwater lakes on the Illinois and Mississippi rivers

Bighead and silver carp are well established in the Mississippi River basin following their accidental introduction in the 1980s. Referred to collectively as Asian carp, these species are filter feeders consuming phytoplankton and zooplankton. We examined diet overlap and electivity of Asian carp and three native filter feeding fishes, bigmouth buffalo, gizzard shad, and paddlefish, in backwater lakes of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Rotifers, Keratella spp., Brachionus spp., and Trichocerca spp., were the most common prey items consumed by Asian carp and gizzard shad, whereas crustacean zooplankton were the preferred prey of paddlefish. Bigmouth buffalo diet was broad, including both rotifers and crustacean zooplankton. Dietary overlap with Asian carp was greatest for gizzard shad followed by bigmouth buffalo, but we found little diet overlap for paddlefish. Diet similarity based on taxonomy correlated strongly with diet similarity based on size suggesting filtration efficiency influenced the overlap patterns we observed. Although rotifers were the most common prey item consumed by both bighead and silver carp, we found a negative relation between silver carp CPUE and cladoceran density. The competitive effect of Asian carp on native fishes may be forestalled because of the high productivity of Illinois and Mississippi river habitats, yet the potential for negative consequences of Asian carp in less productive ecosystems, including Lake Michigan, should not be underestimated.     

新疆伊犁河湿地及周边夏季鸟类调查初报

2006年6～8月,调查了新疆伊犁河湿地及其周边夏季鸟类,共记录到16目36科96种,种群数量为3110只,水鸟占优势,共57种.其中复候鸟52种、留鸟33种、旅鸟11种;在85种繁殖鸟中,古北界52种、东洋界8种、广布种25种,分别占总种数的61.18%、9.41%、29.41%.有国家I、Ⅱ级保护鸟类13种,新疆特有种或亚种17种.鸟类生态分布显示,下游三道河一伊犁河大桥地段拥有较丰富的鸟类种群.通过调查,提出了一些鸟类保护对策.     

Use of wetlands at the mouth of the Yangtze River by shorebirds during spring and fall migration

ABSTRACT.   The mouth of the Yangtze River is an important stopover site for migratory shorebirds using the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. From 1984 to 2004, we censused and banded shorebirds and monitored hunting activities at the mouth of the Yangtze River to understand how shorebirds used the study area. Counts and banding data revealed greater numbers of shorebirds at the mouth of the Yangtze River during northward migration (spring) than during southward migration (fall), with ratios varying from 1.5:1 to 7.2:1 at different sites from 1984 to 2005. The most common species observed during spring (northward) migration were Great Knots ( Calidris tenuirostris ), Red Knots ( Calidris canutus ), Bar-tailed Godwits ( Limosa lapponica ), Sharp-tailed Sandpipers ( Calidris acuminata ), and Red-necked Stints ( Calidris ruficollis ). During spring 2003–2004, 96.98% of the shorebirds observed were adults (ASY or older) and 3% were after hatching-year and second-year birds (AHY or SY). In contrast, almost all (94.73%) birds counted during the fall were hatching-year (HY) birds. These results indicate that adult shorebirds either use a different migration route during fall migration or use the same route, but do not stop at the mouth of the Yangtze River. HY birds, however, may depend on the coastal stopover sites for feeding during their first southward passage.     

长江中游鱼类资源量的估算

为了解长江中游的鱼类资源现状,于2018年5和6月以及9和10月在宜昌、石首、洪湖、武汉和湖口5个江段进行了渔获物调查工作。通过统计各江段的渔业捕捞情况,计算年捕捞量。用体长股分析方法,对铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Tachysurus vachelli)的资源量进行估算,并以此推算各江段的鱼类总资源量。结果显示,宜昌江段的鱼类年总资源量1077.36 t,其中,铜鱼为623.25 t;石首江段的年总资源量为2190.74 t,铜鱼为698.19 t;洪湖江段的鱼类年总资源量为58.57 t,其中,瓦氏黄颡鱼为0.41 t;武汉江段的鱼类年总资源量1010.54 t,其中,鳊为148.65 t;湖口江段的年鱼类总资源量14.55 t,瓦氏黄颡鱼为0.032 t。估算结果可以为长江中游鱼类资源保护措施的制定提供数据参考。