菹草对湖泊沉积物磷状态的影响

武昌野芷湖湾菹草(PotamogetoncrispusL.)生物量较高位置的沉积物显示明显较高的磷吸附指数,以及据Langmuir方程:C/X=C/Xm+K×1/Xm导出的最大吸附量与吸附强度,这一结果在不同时期与不同采样深度均有体现,故提高沉积物磷的吸附能力应为菹草维持水体较低营养水平的重要机制。铁结合态磷是沉积物磷的主要存在形式,吸附能力的提高可由有机质及其与铁的相互作用部分地得到解释。不同时期菹草生物量较高的沉积物表现明显较低的碱性磷酸酶活性与最大反应速度,降低沉积物有机磷的酶促分解速率应为菹草维持水体低营养水平的另一机制。     

Entrapping of Tyrosinase in a System of Reverse Micelles

The enzymatic activity of tyrosinase was studied both in aqueous and organic media. In the latter case tyrosinase was entrapped in a system of reverse micelles of Aerosol OT in octane. At hydration degree 25, when the inner cavity of the reverse micelles was comparable with the size of a tetrameric tyrosinase form known for aqueous solutions, an optimum level of catalytic activity was observed. Another peak of catalytic activity of tyrosinase was observed at hydration degree 12, when the size of the inner cavity of the reverse micelles was consistent with a monomeric form of tyrosinase. Thus, the system of reverse micelles can be exploited as a medium for the investigation of the monomeric form of tyrosinase, which is unstable in aqueous solution.     

Directed evolution of aldolases for exploitation in synthetic organic chemistry

This review focuses on the directed evolution of aldolases with synthetically useful properties. Directed evolution has been used to address a number of limitations associated with the use of wild-type aldolases as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. The generation of aldolase enzymes with a modified or expanded substrate repertoire is described. Particular emphasis is placed on the directed evolution of aldolases with modified stereochemical properties: such enzymes can be useful catalysts in the stereoselective synthesis of biologically active small molecules. The review also describes some of the fundamental insights into mechanistic enzymology that directed evolution can provide.     

Functional analysis of phenolsulfonphthalein transport system in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats

It has been reported that the transport function for organic anions on the kidney is maintained in multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2)-deficient rats. Different from Mrp2-deficient rats, Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats have impaired urinary excretion of Mrp2-substrate, phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP). PSP is transported by the potential-sensitive urate transport system in rat brush-border membranes. We analyzed the function of PSP transport system in LEC rats. Unlike Long-Evans Agouti (LEA) rats, the initial uptake of PSP and urate into the renal brush-border membrane vesicles of LEC rats were not significantly enhanced in the presence of positive intravesicular potential, suggesting that the potential-sensitive urate transport system is impaired in LEC rats. LEC rats should be useful for elucidating the potential-sensitive urate transport system in rats at the molecular level.     

Identification of a critical chaperoning region on an archaeal recombinant thermosome

Chaperone function in water-miscible organic co-solvents is useful for biocatalytic applications requiring enzyme stability in semi-aqueous media and for understanding chaperone behavior in hydrophobic environments. Previously, we have shown that a recombinant single subunit thermosome (rTHS) from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii functions in multiple co-solvents to hydrolyze ATP, prevent protein aggregation, and refold enzymes following solvent denaturation. For the present study, a truncated analog to the thermosome in which 70 N-terminal amino acids are removed is used to identify important regions within the thermosome for its chaperoning functions in organic co-solvents. Data presented herein indicate that the N-terminal region of rTHS is essential for the chaperone to restore the native state of the enzyme citrate synthase, but it is not a critical region for either binding of unfolded proteins or ATP hydrolysis. This is the first demonstration that direct refolding by a Group II chaperonin requires the N-terminal region of the protein.     

侵蚀泥沙、有机质和全氮富集规律研究

在自然降雨下,研究降雨,坡度,耕作和施肥对侵蚀泥沙,有机质和全N富集率的影响,分析土壤和泥沙颗粒组成,富集与泥沙有机质和全N富集的关系,揭示土壤有机质和全N在泥沙中的富集规律,结果表明,泥沙粘粒的富集导致有机质和全N的富集,泥沙粘粒,有机质和全N富集率分别平均为1．77,2．09和1．61,土壤侵蚀模数与泥沙有机质和全N富集率呈显著的负相关关系,降雨,坡度,施肥和耕作措施对泥沙有机质富集作用的影响通过减少土壤侵蚀模数来实现的,减少土壤侵蚀的措施可增加泥沙有机质和全N的富集。     

有机物料对土壤镉形态及其生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了淹水种稻条件下添加猪粪和泥炭对红壤和潮土中内源和外源Cd形态及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明,土壤中内源Cd在各形态之间的分布比较均匀;添加外源Cd时Cd主要分布于交换态,从分蘖期到成熟期,内源Cd交换态普遍升高,添加外源Cd时交换态普遍降低。有机物料对内源Cd交换态的影响不显著,但当添加外源Cd时则对交换态有显著影响,在不添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍促进水稻根系对Cd的吸收。在添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍抑制水稻根系对Cd的吸收,猪粪的抑制效果强于泥炭,水稻根系对Cd与Fe的累积呈显著抑制作用。     

Functional characterization of the mouse organic-anion-transporting polypeptide 2

We have isolated and functionally characterized an additional murine member of the organic-anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp) family of membrane transport proteins from mouse liver. The 3.6 kb cDNA insert contains an open reading frame of 2010 bp coding for a 670 amino acid protein. Based on its amino acid identity of 88% to the rat Oatp2, it is considered the mouse Oatp2 orthologue. Functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that mouse Oatp2 transports several general Oatp substrates such as estrone-3-sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), ouabain and BQ-123 but hardly any taurocholate nor rocuronium or deltorphin II. The high-affinity rat Oatp2 substrate digoxin is transported with a rather low affinity with an apparent K_m value of 5.7 μM. Bromosulfophthalein (BSP), a substrate not transported by the rat Oatp2, is transported very well by mouse Oatp2. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a predominant expression in the liver with additional signals in kidney and brain. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, the Oatp2 gene (gene symbol Slc21a5) was mapped to chromosome 6G1-G3.     

Phosphorus loss from land to water: integrating agricultural and environmental management

Phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient for crop and animal production, can accelerate freshwater eutrophication, now one of the most ubiquitous forms of water quality impairment in the developed world. Repeated outbreaks of harmful algal blooms (e.g., Cyanobacteria and Pfiesteria) have increased society's awareness of eutrophication, and the need for solutions. Agriculture is regarded as an important source of P in the environment. Specifically, the concentration of specialized farming systems has led to a transfer of P from areas of grain production to animal production. This has created regional surpluses in P inputs (mineral fertilizer and feed) over outputs (crop and animal produce), built up soil P in excess of crop needs, and increased the loss of P from land to water. Recent research has shown that this loss of P in both surface runoff and subsurface flow originates primarily from small areas within watersheds during a few storms. These areas occur where high soil P, or P application in mineral fertilizer or manure, coincide with high runoff or erosion potential. We argue that the overall goal of efforts to reduce P loss to water should involve balancing P inputs and outputs at farm and watershed levels by optimizing animal feed rations and land application of P as mineral fertilizer and manure. Also, conservation practices should be targeted to relatively small but critical watershed areas for P export.     

Modeling preindustrial ANC and pH during the spring flood in northern Sweden

The natural preindustrial ANC and pH decline associated with 22 melt events from 11 streams during spring flood of 1997 and 1998 in Northern Sweden have been assessed using the Boreal Dilution Model (BDM). The results show that the spring flood pH decline of 0.5 to 2.5 pH units in the streams was largely caused by natural processes. The most important driving factors influencing pH were TOC increase in combination with ANC dilution. The study also demonstrates that pH in some streams can decline to pH values close to 4.5 as a result of natural processes alone. In general the anthropogenic component of the pH decline was between 0.1 and 0.3 pH units superimposed on the natural pH decline. Furthermore, the anthropogenic contribution to ANC and pH decline generally followed the gradient of anthropogenic S deposition in the region. The sites with the greatest inferred anthropogenic influence are also those for which the assumptions used in the BDM were most sensitive. Nevertheless, the results from this study suggest that the regional impact of anthropogenic acid deposition on the ANC and pH in northern Sweden is currently limited.