等量分次施氮对冬枣15N和13C利用与分配特性的影响

以4年生盆栽冬枣为试材,采用¹³C、¹⁵N双标记示踪技术,在果实发育期研究了等氮量分次追施氮肥对冬枣植株¹⁵N和¹³C吸收、利用、积累和分配的影响.结果表明: 至果实采收期,冬枣各器官Ndff值(植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)随追氮次数的增多而显著增大.生殖器官(果实)和营养器官(叶片、枣吊、新生枣头枝和细根)的¹⁵N分配率以4次追氮处理最高,1次追氮处理最低,贮藏器官(主干、多年生枝和粗根)¹⁵N分配率的趋势相反;4次追氮处理¹⁵N利用率分别比1次和2次追氮处理高27.4%和15.5%.追氮次数越多,植株总氮量和¹⁵N吸收量越大;随时间的推移,1次追氮处理土壤¹⁵N丰度和总氮含量持续降低,2次追氮处理呈先升高后降低的趋势,4次追氮处理变化相对最为平稳,至处理后期显著高于其他处理;果实白熟至采收期,叶片叶绿素、氮含量和净光合速率均表现为4次追氮>2次追氮>1次追氮.不同处理¹³C同化物积累与分配不同.4次追氮处理¹³C固定总量分别是1次和2次追氮处理的1.1和1.2倍.增加追氮次数,促进了¹³C同化物向果实和贮藏器官的转移,而减少了向当年生营养器官的分配.综上,果实发育期4次追氮通过保证根层稳定、充足的氮素供应,提高了对氮素的吸收和利用,进而维持了较高的净光合速率,促进并优化了光合同化物的积累和分配,最有利于冬枣树体的生长及产量和品质的提高.     

褪黑素的太赫兹时域光谱

太赫兹时域光谱技术是一种新兴的无损探测技术。利用太赫兹波的低能性以及大部分生物分子的振动跃迁和旋转在该频段表现出的强色散和吸收作用等特点,可以对生物分子及生命体的活动进行无损探测和研究。本文分别采用透射式和反射式太赫兹时域光谱系统,对不同质量比的褪黑素压片进行测试,分析它在太赫兹波段的光学性质,发现它在0.29、0.50、0.70、0.91、1.20、2.17和2.55 THz处存在特征吸收峰;频域谱的强度随样品浓度的变化呈线性关系。利用Gaussian 09及Gaussian VIEW软件进行模拟分析,得到褪黑素在0.46、0.91、1.15、2.01、2.23和2.61 THz处存在特征吸收峰,为实验结果提供了有力地支持。这些工作为褪黑素等生化样品的检测和鉴定提供了依据和参考。     

生长素对水稻锰积累及毒害的效应

为明确生长素与水稻锰毒及抗性的关系,揭示水稻锰毒调控机制,该文采用水培方法研究了锰胁迫对水稻根尖游离生长素含量的影响及外源生长素萘乙酸对水稻幼苗锰吸收、积累和毒害的影响。结果表明:(1)在2 000μmol·L~(-1)MnCl_2溶液中培养的水稻,根尖游离吲哚乙酸含量显著下降,仅为对照处理的47.7%;水稻根相对伸长率也显著减少,降至对照处理的71.1%。(2)在锰溶液中添加生长素极性运输抑制剂萘基邻氨甲酰苯甲酸(NPA)后,根尖锰含量显著增加,达到了对照处理的1.5倍。(3)在锰溶液中添加萘乙酸后,虽然根尖细胞壁锰含量与对照处理间的差异不显著,但是水稻根相对伸长率显著降低,而植株锰吸收量、根尖锰含量、根尖细胞液中锰的分配比均显著增加;茎基部浸入锰溶液中的离体稻株叶片中的锰含量也在加入萘乙酸后显著提高;在锰胁迫下,添加外源萘乙酸后,水稻根尖OsYSL2、OsYSL6及OsMTP8.1的表达均显著增加。综上结果说明,过量的锰显著抑制水稻根伸长,降低水稻根尖游离态生长素水平,而生长素参与调控水稻对锰的吸收、转运及毒性。     

Organic acids enhance the uptake of lead by wheat roots

The uptake and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in soil–plant systems remain poorly understood. This study indicates that acetic and malic acids enhance the uptake of Pb by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots under hydroponic conditions. The net concentration-dependent uptake influx of Pb in the presence and absence of organic acids was characterized by Michaelis–Menten type nonsaturating kinetic curves that could be resolved into linear and saturable components. Fitted maximum uptake rates (V _max) of the Michaelis–Menton saturable component in the presence of acetic and malic acids were, respectively, 2.45 and 1.63 times those of the control, while the Michaelis–Menten K _m values of 5.5, 3.7 and 2.2 μM, respectively, remained unchanged. Enhanced Pb uptake by organic acids was partially mediated by Ca²⁺ and K⁺ channels, and also depended upon the physiological function of the plasma membrane P-type ATPase. Uptake may have been further enhanced by an effectively thinner unstirred layer of Pb adjacent to the roots, leading to more rapid diffusion towards roots. X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies provided evidence that the coordination environment of Pb in wheat roots was similar to that of Pb(CH₃COO)₂·3H₂O in that one Pb atom was coordinated to four oxygen atoms via the carboxylate group.     

TOAC spin labels in the backbone of alamethicin: EPR studies in lipid membranes

Alamethicin is a 19-amino-acid residue hydrophobic peptide that produces voltage-dependent ion channels in membranes. Analogues of the Glu(OMe)(7,18,19) variant of alamethicin F50/5 that are rigidly spin-labeled in the peptide backbone have been synthesized by replacing residue 1, 8, or 16 with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxyl (TOAC), a helicogenic nitroxyl amino acid. Conventional electron paramagnetic resonance spectra are used to determine the insertion and orientation of the TOAC(n) alamethicins in fluid lipid bilayer membranes of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine. Isotropic (14)N-hyperfine couplings indicate that TOAC(8) and TOAC(16) are situated in the hydrophobic core of the membrane, whereas the TOAC(1) label resides closer to the membrane surface. Anisotropic hyperfine splittings show that alamethicin is highly ordered in the fluid membranes. Experiments with aligned membranes demonstrate that the principal diffusion axis lies close to the membrane normal, corresponding to a transmembrane orientation. Combination of data from the three spin-labeled positions yields both the dynamic order parameter of the peptide backbone and the intramolecular orientations of the TOAC groups. The latter are compared with x-ray diffraction results from alamethicin crystals. Saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance, which is sensitive to microsecond rotational motion, reveals that overall rotation of alamethicin is fast in fluid membranes, with effective correlation times <30 ns. Thus, alamethicin does not form large stable aggregates in fluid membranes, and ionic conductance must arise from transient or voltage-induced associations.     

异育银鲫口服不同剂量葡萄糖后的代谢反应

平均体重为 16 4± 12g的异育银鲫 (方正银鲫♀×兴国红鲤♂ )禁食四周 ,以使肝糖原含量充分下降 ,然后灌喂不同剂量的葡萄糖 ,研究葡萄糖负荷后的代谢反应。实验结果表明 ,不管口服剂量是多少 ,异育银鲫在口服葡萄糖后都出现持久的高血糖 ;口服后 1h血浆总氨基酸、甘油三酯和乳酸水平显著上升 ,然后迅速下降 ;肝糖原含量先降低 ,2h左右开始回升。血糖、总氨基酸、甘油三酯、乳酸及肝糖原的变化幅度也随口服剂量变化而变化 :血糖升幅随口服剂量增加而加大 ;在口服后 1h ,总氨基酸含量随着口服剂量的增加而增加 ,甘油三酯和乳酸含量随着口服剂量的增加而减少 ,而在口服后 2— 10h内 ,口服剂量越高 ,总氨基酸、甘油三酯水平越低 ,乳酸水平越高 ;肝糖原含量随着口服剂量的增加而减少。上述结果提示异育银鲫在口服高剂量葡萄糖之初的 1h内生长抑素和胰高血糖素水平较高 ,而胰岛素的分泌可能受到了抑制 ;推测当口服剂量较低时胰岛素则能正常分泌     

Polarographische Bestimmung von Chlorat-Rückständen im Boden und in der Pflanze

An increase in the inoculum level of root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis resulted in a relative decrease in plant growth parameters of chickpea. Consequently water absorption capability of roots was impaired. M. incognita caused greater reduction than R. reniformis at the same inoculum level. In concomitant inoculation of M. incognita and R. reniformis there was greater suppression in plant growth of chickpea. The suppression in concomitant inoculations was less than the sum of the suppression caused by the same levels of inoculations of the individual species. The multiplication rate of the nematodes decreased as the inoculum level increased. The results also suggest competition for feeding sites between the two nematode species. The multiplication rate of one species progressively decrease with the increase in the inoculum levels of the other nematode.     

Copper absorption,endogenous excretion,and distribution in Sprague-Dawley and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats

We previously observed a rapid reduction in plasma ceruloplasmin activity in lean Zucker (Fa/Fa) rats fed a marginal copper (Cu)-deficient diet compared to similarly fed obese Zucker (fa/fa) and lean Sprague-Dawley rats. In an effort to understand the mechanisms underlying this response, we utilized the isotope dilution method to investigate the absorption and excretion of Cu in lean Zucker rats fed control and marginal Cu diets. Sprague-Dawley (SD) and homozygous lean Zucker rats were fed either a Cu-adequate (Cont; 7.5 μg Cu/g diet) or a low Cu (Low; 1.1 μg Cu/g diet) casein-based diet for 23 d. Two weeks following initiation of the dietary treatment, each rat was injected intramuscularly (im) with 11.2 μCi of⁶⁷Cu. Urine and feces were collected daily. On the 9th d following isotope injection, rats were killed and tissues collected. Significant dietary effects were observed in the relative absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of⁶⁷Cu. The tissue distributions of nonisotopic Cu and⁶⁷Cu activity were also different between dietary treatments. Tissues from rats fed the low-Cu diet typically had high concentrations of⁶⁷Cu and low concentrations of nonisotopic Cu compared to controls. An increase in relative⁶⁷Cu absorption was evident for rats fed the low-Cu diet (57.2 and 39.3%, for SD Low, Zucker Low, respectively, and 17.9, and 28.5% SD Cont and Zucker Cont, respectively). Rats fed the low-Cu diet also had reductions in endogenous fecal excretion of⁶⁷Cu compared to their respective controls. Although strain effects were not evident for either percent Cu absorption or endogenous fecal Cu excretion, the relative adaptive changes appeared more marked for the Sprague-Dawley rats compared to the lean Zucker rats.     

口服避孕药对中国女性乳腺癌发病风险影响的Meta分析

目的：评价口服避孕药对中国女性乳腺癌发病率的影响。方法：计算机及手动检索中国知网,万方,维普,中国生物医学文献数据库,纳入有关口服避孕药对乳腺癌发病影响的研究。在评价纳入研究的方法学质量和提取有效数据后,采用ReviewManager5．0进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入19篇病例对照研究,包括例5051患者和6023例对照。Meta分析结果显示：乳腺癌病例组比对照组有着较高的口服避孕药暴露比。结论：口服避孕药可能会增加中国女性乳腺癌的发病风险。