A genetic linkage map of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), based on AFLP and microsatellite markers

We present the first genetic maps of the sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ), constructed with an F₁ pseudo-testcross strategy. The 37 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations chosen identified 484 polymorphic markers. Of the 21 microsatellite primer pairs tested, 16 identified heterozygous loci in one or other parent, and six were fully informative, as they segregated in both parents. The female map comprised 163 loci, spread over 20 linkage groups (which equals the haploid chromosome number), and spanned 1522.0 cM, with a mean marker density of 9.3 cM. The equivalent figures for the male map were 162 loci, 21 linkage groups, 1276.9 and 7.9 cM. About 2.5% of the AFLP markers displayed segregation distortion and were not used for map construction. The estimated coverage of the genome was 84.8% for the female map and 83.4% for the male map. The maps generated will serve as a basis for the construction of a high-resolution genetic map and mapping of the functional genes and quantitative trait loci, which will then open the way for the application of a marker-assisted selection breeding strategy in this species.     

Fine‐scale spatial and temporal population genetics of Aedes japonicus,a new US mosquito,reveal multiple introductions

The newly introduced mosquito Aedes japonicus has expanded from its original range in Northeastern Asia to 29 US states (including Hawaii) plus Canada and northern Europe. Our objectives were to test an earlier hypothesis of multiple introductions of this species to the Northeastern US and evaluate putative temporal changes in genetic makeup. Using a panel of seven microsatellite loci, we confirmed the existence of two abundant genetic forms in specimens originally collected in 1999–2000 (F_ST value based on microsatellite data = 0.26) that matches the disjunctive distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. To examine the distribution of the two genetic ‘types’ across Pennsylvania we created a fine‐scale genetic map of Ae. japonicus using 439 specimens collected from 54 Pennsylvania counties in 2002–2003. We also made direct comparisons between collections in 1999–2000 and new collections made in 2004–2005 obtained from the same areas in the northeastern US. We observed that the strong association between mtDNA haplotype and microsatellite signature seen in 1999–2000 had weakened significantly by 2002 across Pennsylvania, a trend continued to some extent in 2004–2005 in PA, NJ, and NY, indicating that once easily distinguishable separate introductions are merging. The two expanding genetic forms create a complex correlation between spatial and genetic distances. The existence of multiple introductions would be obscured without sampling early and across time with highly polymorphic molecular markers. Our results provide a high‐resolution analysis of the spatial and temporal dynamics of a newly introduced disease vector and argue that successive introductions may be a common pattern for invasive mosquitoes.     

Impacts of streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) on tree seedling regeneration in a warm-temperate evergreen forest on Kanmurijima Island,Japan

The ground vegetation of an evergreen broad-leaved Persea thunbergii-dominated forest on Kanmurijima Island has been heavily damaged by a ground-burrowing seabird, the streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas). To clarify the effects of seabird trampling and burrowing on the recruitment of tree seedlings, 22 paired quadrats, protected and unprotected against seabirds, were laid out under various degrees of canopy coverage, ranging from heavy- to light-shade. Protection from seabird activities resulted in an increase in species richness of tree seedlings. Seabird activities had a significant effect on tree seedling diversity, while canopy coverage was shown to be important for herbaceous species diversity. Though seedling emergence of Persea thunbergii, the evergreen canopy dominant, was not affected by seabird activities and canopy coverage, that of Mallotus japonicus, a deciduous pioneer tree, was negatively affected by the both factors. Seabird activities and evergreen heavy-shade canopy negatively affected seedling survivorship of both species. Low survivorship in seedlings of the canopy species may doom the present-day warm-temperate evergreen forest of Persea thunbergii on the island. Mechanical impacts of trampling and burrowing and the resulting soil erosion may play an important role in forest regeneration and dynamics.     

MeJA处理和蚧虫危害对枣树挥发物的影响

枣树(Ziziphus jujube Mill)是中国北方的一种重要经济林木。日本龟蜡蚧(Ceroplastes japonicus Green)是枣园的一种破坏性天敌。研究了外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理和日本龟蜡蚧雌成虫危害后与对照健康枣树相比挥发物的变化。枣树挥发物的收集采用顶空收集法,并使用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)来分析收集到的挥发物的化学成分。结果显示:MeJA处理的和蚧虫危害的枣树挥发物的化学组分在种类和含量上与对照相比都有所改变。其中MeJA处理的枣树样本中检测到22种挥发物,总挥发量为37347 ng/h;蚧虫危害的枣树样本中检测到24种挥发物,总挥发量为54292 ng/h;而健康的对照枣树挥发物中只检测到14种化合物,总挥发量也仅为18611 ng/h。经SPSS软件分析,MeJA处理部分和对照部分,日本龟蜡蚧危害部分和对照部分这两组之间都达到差异显著水平。在上述挥发物成分中,萜烯类、醇类、酯类的增加量在植物诱导化学防御方面具有重要意义,这些化合物通常被认为是与吸引天敌昆虫相关的组分。     

饥饿及再投喂对日本囊对虾糖代谢的影响

研究了日本囊对虾在饥饿和再投喂下血糖、肝胰脏糖原和肌糖原含量的变化.结果表明：在饥饿状态下,日本囊对虾肝胰脏糖原含量和血糖浓度在饥饿开始时迅速下降,肌糖原含量在饥饿10 d时下降到最低值,在饥饿10~15 d时通过糖原异生作用又恢复至最初水平,但随着饥饿时间的延长,糖原含量持续下降.恢复投喂后,肝胰脏糖原含量和肌糖原含量均能得到较好恢复,饥饿10 d和 15 d组的血糖浓度在恢复投喂10 d后显著高于对照组,但饥饿25 d组的血糖浓度始终显著低于对照.表明饥饿时间过长,对血糖浓度的恢复有较大影响     

山麦冬及其近缘种DNA条形码研究

通过分析山麦冬及其近缘种cpDNA trnL-F、psbA-trnH间隔区序列特点,探讨trnL-F、psbA-trnH序列作为山麦冬及其近缘种DNA条形码的潜力。分别对两者进行PCR扩增后,并进行纯化测序。其中山麦冬及其近缘种9个物种18个样品的trnL-F序列长度为355~356 bp,在山麦冬属内序列完全一致,但在沿阶草属中存在特异变异位点,可对麦冬与沿阶草两物种进行鉴别。而psbA-trnH序列长度为543~544 bp,仅在麦冬中存在特异鉴别位点。结果表明,trnL-F、psbA-trnH序列由于进化速率低、保守性强,仅适合麦冬类植物属间鉴别的DNA条形码,而在属下水平的应用有一定的局限。     

识别未衍生化的13—羟化GAs及其葡萄糖苷的单克隆抗体

抗ＧＡ３ 及其葡萄糖苷的ＭＡＢ１０单克隆抗体源于以ＧＡ３ 中的３ 位羟基（３－ＯＨ）为偶联位点,人血清白蛋白（ＨＳＡ）为载体合成的ＧＡ３－３－ＨＳＡ 免疫原． 该抗体对１３－羟化ＧＡｓ（１３－ＯＨＧＡｓ、ＧＡ１、ＧＡ３、ＧＡ５ 等）和ＧＡ３ 葡萄糖苷具有高亲和力． ７ 位羧基的甲酯化可显著降低ＭＡＢ１０ 对１３－ＯＨ ＧＡｓ的亲和力,而３－ＯＨ 的糖苷化却未降低其亲和力． 用该抗体建立的两种分别用于ＧＡ３ 及其葡萄糖苷测定的酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）,其检测线性范围均为０．２～２０ ｐｍ ｏｌ． 借助这两种ＥＬＩＳＡｓ,研究了羊蹄（Ｒｕｍ ｅｘ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）叶片中ＧＡ３ 及其类似ＧＡｓ和葡萄糖苷的动态变化．结果表明,叶片衰老与游离态ＧＡｓ的糖苷化有关;而６－ＢＡ 延缓衰老则可能与其减缓ＧＡｓ的糖苷化有关     

激光对珠子参愈伤组织诱导影响的研究

通过不同激光功率密度和处理时间处理珠子参植株,然后分别用珠子参的茎和叶做外殖体进行愈伤组织诱导。结果表明,不经激光处理,珠子参茎和叶的愈伤组织诱导率分别为45.3%和0.7%。经激光处理后,珠子参茎和叶愈伤组织诱导率分别最高达到了92.0%和6.7%。经t检验,激光处理后,外殖体的愈伤组织诱导率与对照相比达到了显著性差异,表明激光处理有助于珠子参愈伤组织的诱导。     

麦冬提取物治疗2型糖尿病小鼠的血清代谢组学研究*

目的:采用代谢组学方法研究麦冬对2型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠内源性代谢物的影响。方法: 腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立T2DM小鼠模型。连续4周灌胃给予麦冬水提物后,检测血清中糖尿病相关指标,且以超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用(UPLC-Q/TOF-MS)技术,研究麦冬对T2DM小鼠血清中代谢物质的影响,分析相关代谢通路。结果: 与正常对照组相比,模型组血清的空腹葡萄糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低;灌胃给予麦冬水提物后,T2DM小鼠血清中以上指标均明显改善。代谢组学结果显示,正常组与模型组共有43个差异代谢物,富集于18条通路;麦冬提取物明显降低T2DM小鼠的甘油酸、丙二酸半醛和4-羟基苯基丙酮酸含量,差异代谢物富集于泛醌和其他萜类醌生物合成代谢等7条通路。结论: 麦冬水提物具有降低T2DM小鼠血糖和血脂的药效作用,且可能与泛醌和其他萜类醌生物合成等通路有关。