氮磷添加对麦冬根部养分浓度及其化学计量比的影响

以城市地被植物麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus(Thunb.)Ker-Gawl.)为研究对象,研究了土壤中添加氮(N)磷(P)后对植物根部N、P养分及其化学计量比的影响。结果表明,实验监测期间(10-12月),麦冬根部N浓度平均值表现为N(5gm-2) P(1gm-2)处理>N(5gm-2)处理=P(1gm-2)处理>对照,根部P浓度和N:P比差异不显著(P>0.1)。而监测期间的N、P月份动态结果表明,同对照相比,N处理、P处理和N P处理的麦冬根部N、P浓度和N:P比的差异性均表现为监测前期(10月)较大,中后期(11-12月)较小的变化趋势。这说明麦冬能保持其根部N、P水平的稳定性,具有较强的应对N沉降的能力,且补充P肥可增强这种能力。因此,麦冬可在大气沉降严重的地区应用和推广。     

麦冬不同提取物对过氧化氢损伤人血管内皮细胞ICAM-1、VEGF、Bcl-2 表达的影响

目的:观察麦冬不同提取物对过氧化氢诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)和VEGF、Bcl-2表达的影响。方法:体外培养HUVEC,用过氧化氢(H202)制造HUVEC损伤模型。以四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞存活数量,用流式细胞仪检测HUVEC表面ICAM-1的表达量;免疫细胞化学方法检测HUVEC的VEGF、Bcl-2的分布情况。结果:模型组较正常对照组细胞增殖活性明显降低(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,经麦冬水提物、正丁醇提取物处理组细胞增殖活性明显增加(P<0.05,P<0.01)。流式细胞仪检测显示正丁醇提取物可降低过氧化氢增加的ICAM-1基因的表达。Bcl-2的表达,模型组明显低于正常对照组,而正丁醇组表达明显高于模型组(P<0.01)。VEGF的表达,模型组明显高于正常对照组,麦冬水提物、正丁醇提取物处理组高于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:麦冬提取物具有抗凋亡、促增殖、降低细胞间黏附分子-1表达的作用,尤以正丁醇提取物效果更为显著。     

The characteristic smell emitted from two scale insects,Ceroplastes japonicus and Ceroplastes rubens

ABSTRACT

The volatile components emitted from two scale insects, Ceroplastes japonicus and Ceroplastes rubens, were identified using GC–MS analysis. The major volatile components of the solvent extract from C. japonicus were α-humulene (35.8%) and δ-cadinene (17.0%), while those of C. rubens were β-selinene (10.3%) and β-elemene (5.1%). In GC/olfactometry, linalool, butyric acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and vanillin were identified as the odor-active components of the extract from C. japonicus, in addition to trace amounts of trans-4,5-epoxy-(2E)-decenal, 4-methyl-(3E)-hexenoic acid, and phenylacetic acid. With regard to C. rubens, trans-4,5-epoxy-(2E)-decenal, 3-methylbutyric acid, and phenylacetic acid were identified as the odor-active components. Besides, decan-1,4-olide (γ-decalactone) with milky cherry-like note and 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (sotolone) with brown sugar-like note were also detected as the characteristic cherry-like sweet-and-sour note of these two scale insects.     

Insect–plant interactions among gall size determinants of adelgids

1. The adelgid Adelges japonicus induces shoot galls in ezo‐spruce Picea jezoensis. The relative importance of shoot characteristics and the number of adelgids that induce a gall in determining resource availability on a shoot was examined. Gall volume, which is highly correlated with the number of larvae that mature in a gall, was used as a measure of resources available for adelgids on a shoot. Gall volume was partitioned into two components: the number of chambers and the chamber volume. 2. Path analysis revealed that the number of chambers in a gall was not affected by the number of leaves (which is an indirect measure of shoot length), the whorl where the gall was attached, or the number of surrounding shoots arising from the 1‐year‐old parent shoot. Each of these shoot characteristics, however, affected chamber volume: chamber volume increased with increasing numbers of leaves and surrounding shoots and with increasing heights of the whorls. 3. Two generations of adelgids contributed to gall enlargement in different ways: the number of gall founders affected the number of chambers, and the number of gall inhabitants affected chamber volume. 4. In a path diagram that incorporated the effects of both shoot characteristics and the numbers of adelgids, the numbers of adelgids in the two generations together accounted for 30% of the variance in gall volume, whereas the three shoot characteristics explained only 3.7% of the variance. This suggests that the amount of resources available in a gall is affected mainly by the numbers of adelgids but only slightly by shoot characteristics.     

An apposition‐like compound eye with a layered rhabdom in the small diving beetle Agabus japonicus (Coleoptera,Dytiscidae)

The fine structure of the compound eyes of the adult diving beetle Agabus japonicus is described with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The eye of A. japonicus is mango‐shaped and consists of about 985 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of a corneal facet lens, an eucone type of crystalline cone, a fused layered rhabdom with a basal rhabdomere, seven retinula cells (including six distal cells and one basal cell), two primary pigment cells and an undetermined number of secondary pigment cells that are restricted to the distalmost region of the eye. A clear‐zone, separating dioptric apparatus from photoreceptive structures, is not developed and the eye thus resembles an apposition eye. The cross‐sectional areas of the rhabdoms are relatively large indicative of enhanced light‐sensitivity. The distal and central region of the rhabdom is layered with interdigitating microvilli suggesting polarization sensitivity. According to the features mentioned above, we suggest that 1) the eye, seemingly of the apposition type, occurs in a taxon for which the clear‐zone (superposition) eye is characteristic; 2) the eye possesses adaptations to function in a dim‐light environment; 3) the eye may be sensitive to underwater polarized light or linearly water‐reflected polarized light. J. Morphol. 275:1273–1283, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lotus japonicus `Miyakojima' MG-20: An Early-Flowering Accession Suitable for Indoor Handling

Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen is a long-day plant and requires intense light for continuous flowering. Therefore, the genetic analysis of this plant has been conducted frequently in a green house equipped with supplementary light. In order to bring about indoor genetics as has been carried out with Arabidopsis, early-flowering accessions suitable for indoor handling have been searched for throughout Japan. As a result, a plant that grows naturally in Miyakojima, the nearly southernmost island in the Japan archipelago, was collected as the earliest-flowering accession with such characteristics. The accession was named as Miyakojima MG-20. Self-pollination was repeated 7 times in an insect-free biotron to establish Miyakojima MG-20-S7 germplasm. Using this accession, development of an infrastructure such as a large-scale expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis, ion-beam mutagenesis and high-resolution mapping has been started. Received 20 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 16 October 2000     

Increased Reproductive Allocation of Rumex japonicus Caused by Leaf Clipping

Abstract To elucidate the effects of herbivory by chrysomelid beetles on Rumex japonicus, rosette leaves were clipped and the subsequent fruit production and root growth were observed. The increase of leaf biomass of some clipped plants was greater than that of control plants, although this varied among individual plants. The root growth of clipped plants was less than that of control plants. Fruit production increased with plant size, and there was no difference in fruit production between clipped and control plants. Reproductive allocation (fruit biomass, relative to fruit biomass plus root growth) increased with plant size; it was greater in clipped plants than in control ones. Based on these results, reproductive allocation strategy against herbivory was discussed.     

A new species of Hemicyclops (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) from burrows of the ocypodid crab Macrophthalmus japonicus in an estuarine mud-flat in Tokyo Bay, Japan

A new species of poecilostomatoid copepod, Hemicyclops spinulosus, is described from burrows of the ocypodid crab Macrophthalmus japonicus in an estuarine mud-flat in Tokyo Bay. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the segmentation and setation of first antenna, the ornamentation of maxilliped and the modified seta on the first segment of the endopod of legs 1–4. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.