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191.
A.-C. Bäckman P. Anderson M. Bengtsson J. Löfqvist C. R. Unelius P. Witzgall 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2000,186(6):513-519
Single sensillum recordings from Cydia pomonella male antennae showed three different types of receptor neurons. The most abundant type was most sensitive to the main pheromone
compound (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, while its response to the geometric isomers E,Z, Z,E and Z,Z was comparable to a tenfold lower dose of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol. This neuron type also responded to the four behaviorally antagonistic isomers of (Δ,Δ)-8,10-dodecadienyl
acetate, among which it was most sensitive to the E,E isomer. Cross-adaptation studies showed that these compounds were all detected by the same receptor neuron type. Receptor
neurons specifically tuned to (E,Z) or (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadienol were not found, although these two compounds are behaviorally active. A second type of receptor neuron
responded to all isomers of (Δ,Δ)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate and was most sensitive to the E,E isomer. This neuron type did not respond to any of the isomers of (Δ,Δ)-8,10-dodecadienol. A third receptor neuron type was
highly sensitive to the plant compound α-farnesene. The finding that the receptor neuron type tuned to the main pheromone
compound responded even to strong behavioral antagonists aids the interpretation of ongoing behavioral studies for the development
of the mating disruption technique in codling moth.
Accepted: 3 March 2000 相似文献
192.
Synopsis A new behavioral monitoring system, an octagonal fluviarium, and associated time-series analytical techniques were developed to quantitatively examine and assess the chemobehavior of fish to waterborne chemicals. Together they aid in the solution of many of the quantitative behavioral and physical problems inherent in earlier experimental approaches. The fluviarium utilizes a quasi-circular channel in which fish are able to move freely through any of eight areas, any of which can receive a predetermined concentration of a chemical stimulus. Movements and preferential stays of animals monitored with a video system are analyzed to determine spatial and temporal preference in their distributions within the system in response to introduced chemicals. The advantages of these designs include precise control of the water flow dynamics affecting the odor plume, virtual elimination of the wall-hugging tendency of animals due to the quasicircular construction of the octagonal trough, and the assessment of temporal changes in the behavioral responses of the animals which can be correlated with the presence of odoriferous cues. The efficacy of the fluviarium and statistical analysis is illustrated with data on the chemoresponse of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, to 1 × 10–3 M L-alanine. Our system should have extensive application in investigating the chemoresponses of aquatic organisms to waterborne chemicals (presented singularly and in combinations) such as food substances, pheromones or pollutants. 相似文献
193.
Juan Riesgo-Escovar Craig Woodard Peter Gaines John Carlson 《Developmental neurobiology》1992,23(8):947-964
Drosophila uses different olfactory organs at different developmental stages. The larval and adult olfactory organs are morphologically dissimilar and have different developmental origins: the antenno-maxillary complex (AMC), which houses the larval olfactory organ, is histolyzed during metamorphosis; the third antennal segment—the principal adult olfactory organ—derives from an imaginal disc. A screen for genes expressed in both larval and adult olfactory organs, but in relatively few other tissues, has been carried out. Seven enhancer trap lines showing reporter gene expression in both the larval AMC and in certain subsets of the adult antenna are described. The antennal staining pattern of one line shows a striking change over the first few days of adult life, with a time course comparable to that of the development of sexual maturity. A pronounced sexual dimorphism in antennal staining pattern is seen in another line. Some staining patterns resemble the patterns of certain classes of antennal sensilla; others show expression restricted to only a small number of cells. Some lines also show expression associated with other chemosensory organs at either the larval or adult stage, including the maxillary palps, labellum, and anterior wing margin. One line, which also shows staining in the male reproductive tract, is male sterile. The significance of these results is considered in terms of (1) the molecular organization of the olfactory system; (2) the recruitment of olfactory genes for use in two developmental contexts; (3) the sharing of genes among different sensory modalities; (4) the role of olfaction in sexual behavior; and (5) posteclosional changes in the olfactory system. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
194.
D. Mellon Jr. V. Alones 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1995,177(1):55-71
We recorded electrical activity from three different classes of broad-spectrum, multiglomerular neurons in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, P. blandingi) olfactory midbrain. Responses were obtained to odorants and electrical stimuli applied to the antennules of isolated, perfused head preparations. All three neuronal types responded to a complex mixture of five amino acids as well as to solutions of a commercial fish food. At least two classes also responded to individual amino acids and to sugars. The response properties and the morphologies of the neurons were unique to each type. Responses of Type I cells were stimulus-dependent excitatory postsynaptic potentials and superimposed impulse trains; those in Type II were stimulus-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; those in Type III were compound responses consisting of short latency hyperpolarizations, followed by depolarizing post-synaptic potentials and impulses. All three cell types had extensive, multiglomerular dendritic arbors in the olfactory lobe, but each of their respective branching pattern morphologies was distinctive. Two types had additional dendrite branches in the lateral antennular neuropil and the olfactory-globular tract neuropil. We conclude that these broad-spectrum neurons are part of a parallel olfactory pathway that is separate from the putative quality coding circuitry in the crayfish olfactory system.Abbreviations
AL
accessory lobe
-
LAN
lateral antennular neuropil
-
OGT
olfactory globular tract
-
OGTN
olfactory globular tract neuropil
-
OL
olfactory lobe 相似文献
195.
Elena Fabbri Maria Enrica Ferretti Marco Buzzi Roberta Cavallaro Giancarlo Vesce Prof. Carla Biondi 《Neurochemical research》1995,20(6):719-725
The enzyme adenylyl cyclase from sheep olfactory epithelium is dually regulated by GTP and is highly sensitive to the nucleotide analogues GTPS and GppNHp, as well as to fluoride ions and forskolin. Many, but not all, odorants tested are able to stimulate adenylyl cyclase in a dose-dependent manner and with different potencies. Such an effect is detectable only in the presence of GTP. The odorants belonging to the putrid class are the least effective in stimulating adenylyl cyclase activity, and only furfuryl mercaptan significantly increases cAMP biosynthesis. Mixtures of two odorants, chosen among those able to activate adenylyl cyclase, induce additive or supra-additive effects, suggesting the presence of many different receptor types. The presence of an alternative olfactory signal transduction process, i.e. the inositol phospholipid second messenger system, has been evaluated. Triethylamine, a putrid odorant completely ineffective on cAMP levels, is able to significantly increase inositol phosphate accumulation, indicating the coexistence of both cAMP- and InsP3-mediated signalling pathways in sheep olfactory epithelium. 相似文献
196.
Synopsis Although planktonic marine fish larvae are often distributed in aggregations, the role of behavioral responses to environmental factors in these aggregations is not well understood. This work examines, under laboratory conditions, the influence of visual and chemical stimuli in the formation and maintenance of aggregations in walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma, larvae. Larvae were exposed to a horizontal gradient of light (visual stimulus), prey scent (chemical stimuli: squid/copepod and rotifer) or prey density (visual & chemical stimuli: rotifers). While larvae did not respond to prey scent, they did respond to a gradient of light or prey, which resulted in the formation and maintenance of aggregations. Larvae moved into and remained in a zone of higher light intensity (0.56 versus 0.01 mol photons m-2 s-1). Once encountering a patch of prey, larvae remained aggregated within the patch to feed. In nature, movement of walleye pollock larvae in response to selected environmental factors (e.g., gravity, light, temperature, turbulence) may serendipitously bring them into contact with prey patches, where they then could remain to feed as long as light intensity remained at or above levels necessary for feeding. 相似文献
197.
S. I. Cromarty C. D. Derby 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,183(6):699-707
Responses of olfactory receptor neurons of spiny lobsters Panulirus argus to two-component mixtures can be shaped by inhibitory events such as odor-activated hyperpolarizations and inhibition of
odor-receptor binding (Daniel et al. 1996). In the current study, we extend this analysis to complex mixtures by examining
responses of spiny lobster olfactory receptor neurons to mixtures containing up to seven odorants, consisting of adenosine-5′-monophosphate,
ammonium, betaine, l-cysteine, l-glutamate, dl-succinate, and taurine. The response to a mixture was often less than the response to its most excitatory component. The
effect of adding an excitatory odorant to a mixture depended on olfactory receptor neuron type, composition of the mixture,
and which compound was added. In some cases the added excitatory compound had no effect or even decreased the mixture's response
intensity, thus demonstrating nonlinear contributions of the components. Response intensities predicted by a noncompetitive
model, which is most representative of these olfactory receptor neurons, were improved when the model included a term for
empirical measurements of inhibitory binding interactions, suggesting that inhibitory binding interactions are one mechanism
contributing to mixture suppression. This model's predictions were accurate for binary mixtures but not for larger mixtures,
suggesting that additional inhibitory mechanisms are needed to account for mixture interactions in complex mixtures.
Accepted: 24 July 1998 相似文献
198.
T. Heinbockel J. G. Hildebrand 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,183(2):121-133
Stimulation of the antenna of the male moth, Manduca sexta, with a key component of the female's sex pheromone and a mimic of the second key component evokes responses in projection
neurons in the sexually dimorphic macroglomerular complex of the antennal lobe. Using intracellular recording and staining
techniques, we studied the antennal receptive fields of 149 such projection neurons. An antennal flagellum was stimulated
in six regions along its proximo-distal axis with one or both of the pheromone-related compounds while activity was recorded
in projection neurons. These neurons fell mainly into two groups, based on their responses to the two-component blend: neurons
with broad receptive fields that were excited when any region of the flagellum was stimulated, and neurons selectively excited
by stimulation of the proximal region of the flagellum. Projection neurons that were depolarized by stimulation of one antennal
region were not inhibited by stimulation of other regions, suggesting absence of antennotopic center-surround organization.
In most projection neurons, the receptive field was determined by afferent input evoked by only one of the two components.
Different receptive-field properties of projection neurons may be related to the roles of these neurons in sensory control
of the various phases of pheromone-modulated behavior of male moths.
Accepted: 30 January 1998 相似文献
199.
R. P. Akers W. M. Getz 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,173(2):169-185
Recordings were made from single sensilla placodea of the worker honeybee (Apis mellifera). The sensilla were stimulated with one of two sets of four compounds and their binary mixtures, at two dosage levels. Aromatic compounds comprised one set, and saturated n-octane derivatives comprised the other set. Correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses indicate that responses to binary mixtures are not linear combinations of responses to the component compounds. The first principal component indicated that neuronal units had either more excitatory or more inhibitory responses to all odorants than would be expected from a model where inhibitory and excitatory responses are randomly distributed among the neuronal units. When compared to the responses to the component odorants, synergistic responses to binary odors occurred more often than would be expected by chance. Clear inhibitory responses to binary odors were less prevalent. This study agrees with an earlier study employing aromatic odorants in that most of the aromatic odorants each had groups of receptor neurons that were relatively selective for it, and each odorant had a distinctly different number of receptor neurons selective for it. Among the octane derivatives, receptor neurons were selective for the level of oxidation of the functional group or its site of attachment, rather than specific compounds. 相似文献
200.
Peter W. Sorensen Toshiaki J. Hara Norman E. Stacey Joseph G. Dulka 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1990,166(3):373-383
1. | To determine the specificity of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) olfactory system to the reproductive pheromone 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P), and to determine if related sex steroids might also function as pheromones, electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses were recorded from mature male goldfish. |
2. | Of the 24 steroids tested, 17,20P was the most stimulatory. It had a detection threshold of 10–12 M and at a concentration of 10–8 M elicited an EOG response 3 times that elicited by 10–5 M L-serine |
3. | 17,20,21-triol-4-pregnen-3-one, a metabolite of 17,20P, was the only other highly stimulatory steroid. Its threshold was 10–11 M. |
4. | In cross-adaptation experiments EOG responses to all 21-carbon steroids were inhibited during adaptation to 17,20P: responses to this pheromone are transduced by a single receptor/transduction mechanism. |
5. | To verify the biological relevance of EOG recording whole animal responsiveness was determined by measuring blood gonadotropin. When goldfish were placed into homogeneous steroid solutions endocrine responsiveness strongly correlated with EOG recording. However, when steroids were added to aquaria containing fish, responses were less specific indicating that transient wisps of steroids trigger endocrine responses. |
6. | Although the extreme sensitivity and specificity of the goldfish olfactory system to 17,20P gives it the potential to serve as a highly specific cue, realization of this potential is probably determined by the dynamics of pheromone exposure. |