Complete nucleotide sequence of the Oenothera elata plastid chromosome, representing plastome I of the five distinguishable euoenothera plastomes

We describe the 159,4443-bp sequence of the plastid chromosome of Oenothera elata (evening primrose). The Oe. elata plastid chromosome represents type I of the five genetically distinguishable basic plastomes found in the subsection Euoenothera. The genus Oenothera provides an ideal system in which to address fundamental questions regarding the functional integration of the compartmentalised genetic system characteristic of the eukaryotic cell. Its highly developed taxonomy and genetics, together with a favourable combination of features in its genetic structure (interspecific fertility, stable heterozygous progeny, biparental transmission of organelles, and the phenomenon of complex heterozygosity), allow facile exchanges of nuclei, plastids and mitochondria, as well as individual chromosome pairs, between species. The resulting hybrids or cybrids are usually viable and fertile, but can display various forms of developmental disturbance. Received: 9 January 2000 / Accepted: 29 January 2000     

抗褐变剂对雷公藤愈伤组织生长和次生代谢产物含量的影响

以雷公藤（Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.）根愈伤组织为材料,以NT为基本培养基,添加不同浓度硫代硫酸钠、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、硝酸银、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮以及活性炭,探讨抗褐变剂对雷公藤愈伤组织生长、抗褐化和雷公藤内酯醇及总生物碱含量的影响。结果表明：除较低浓度柠檬酸以外,其他抗褐变剂均不同程度抑制雷公藤愈伤组织的生长。培养基中添加不同浓度硫代硫酸钠、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮以及活性炭,雷公藤愈伤组织褐化程度不但没有得到控制,反而使褐化加重。但所有处理中,愈伤组织中内酯醇含量明显升高,其中加入50mg/L柠檬酸处理的内酯醇含量为对照的2.4倍。培养基中加入10～50mg/L硝酸银不仅能抑制雷公藤愈伤组织褐变,内酯醇的含量也随着硝酸银浓度的增加而增加。供试抗褐变剂中除较低浓度硫代硫酸钠以外,其他处理对雷公藤总生物碱的合成起抑制作用。     

赤楠果肉主要营养成分分析及评价

赤楠(Syzygium buxifoliumHook.et Arn.)广泛分布于广东、广西、贵州、湖南、台湾、江西、浙江、安徽及福建等省区,资源极为丰富[1]。赤楠果可生食,风味酸甜,并可用于提取天然红色素[2]。笔者对赤楠果肉的营养成分进行了分析,以期为该野生食果资源的综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

黄瑞木果实红色素的分离及其化学结构研究

采用纸层析、紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱和液-质联用等技术对福建野生黄瑞木〔Adinandra millettii(Hook. et Arn.)Benth.〕果实红色素进行了分析研究。结果表明,该红色素主要含有矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷(cyanidin-3-rutinoside)和矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷(cyanidin-3-glucoside)2种花色苷,呈鲜艳的红色,可作为天然保健食品的色素添加剂加以推广应用。     

诱导子对雷公藤不定根生长和次生代谢产物含量的影响

为探讨真菌诱导子以及硝酸银等非生物诱导子对雷公藤不定根生长及次生代谢产物含量的影响。以雷公藤不定根为材料,通过向培养基中添加不同种类的真菌诱导子以及硝酸银等非生物诱导子,采用高效液相色谱检测不定根中雷公藤甲素和生物碱含量。结果表明:各种真菌诱导子不影响不定根的生长,但对次生代谢产物含量有显著影响,其中,苹果炭疽和柿子炭疽诱导子的加入不仅使不定根中雷公藤甲素的含量分别提高了2.24和1.93倍,生物碱的含量也各提高了2.02和2.07倍。苹果炭疽诱导子浓度为50μg/m L时比较适合雷公藤不定根生长及雷公藤甲素和生物碱的积累。硝酸银抑制不定根的生长和生物碱的积累,但促进雷公藤甲素的积累。硝酸银浓度为25μmol/L时雷公藤甲素含量为对照的1.71倍。茉莉酸甲酯浓度为50μmol/L时,不定根增长量为对照的1.04倍,雷公藤甲素和生物碱含量分别为对照的1.64倍和2.12倍。酵母提取物浓度为2 g/L时,雷公藤甲素含量为对照的1.48倍。表明培养基中添加硝酸银和酵母提取物对不定根中雷公藤甲素的合成具有明显的促进作用,苹果炭疽和茉莉酸甲酯的协同作用既能促进雷公藤甲素的合成又能促进雷公藤生物碱的合成。     

Can genetically based clines in plant defence explain greater herbivory at higher latitudes?

Greater plant defence is predicted to evolve at lower latitudes in response to increased herbivore pressure. However, recent studies question the generality of this pattern. In this study, we tested for genetically based latitudinal clines in resistance to herbivores and underlying defence traits of Oenothera biennis. We grew plants from 137 populations from across the entire native range of O. biennis. Populations from lower latitudes showed greater resistance to multiple specialist and generalist herbivores. These patterns were associated with an increase in total phenolics at lower latitudes. A significant proportion of the phenolics were driven by the concentrations of two major ellagitannins, which exhibited opposing latitudinal clines. Our analyses suggest that these findings are unlikely to be explained by local adaptation of herbivore populations or genetic variation in phenology. Rather greater herbivory at high latitudes can be explained by latitudinal clines in the evolution of plant defences.     

Phytoremediation potential of Portulaca grandiflora Hook. (Moss-Rose) in degrading a sulfonated diazo reactive dye Navy Blue HE2R (Reactive Blue 172)

Wild and tissue cultured plants of Portulaca grandiflora Hook. have shown to be able to decolorize a sulfonated diazo dye Navy Blue HE2R (NBHE2R) up to 98% in 40 h. A significant induction in the activities of lignin peroxidase, tyrosinase and DCIP reductase was observed in the roots during dye decolorization. The wild plants and tissue cultures could independently decolorize and degrade NBHE2R into metabolites viz. N-benzylacetamide and 6-diazenyl-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid. A dye mixture and a textile effluent were also decolorized efficiently by P. grandiflora. The phytotoxicity study revealed reduction in the toxicity due to metabolites formed after dye degradation.     

The role of plastids in plant speciation

Understanding the molecular basis of how new species arise is a central question and prime challenge in evolutionary biology and includes understanding how genomes diversify. Eukaryotic cells possess an integrated compartmentalized genetic system of endosymbiotic ancestry. The cellular subgenomes in nucleus, mitochondria and plastids communicate in a complex way and co-evolve. The application of hybrid and cybrid technologies, most notably those involving interspecific exchanges of plastid and nuclear genomes, has uncovered a multitude of species-specific nucleo-organelle interactions. Such interactions can result in plastome-genome incompatibilities, which can phenotypically often be recognized as hybrid bleaching, hybrid variegation or disturbance of the sexual phase. The plastid genome, because of its relatively low number of genes, can serve as a valuable tool to investigate the origin of these incompatibilities. In this article, we review progress on understanding how plastome-genome co-evolution contributes to speciation. We genetically classify incompatible phenotypes into four categories. We also summarize genetic, physiological and environmental influence and other possible selection forces acting on plastid-nuclear co-evolution and compare taxa providing molecular access to the underlying loci. It appears that plastome-genome incompatibility can establish hybridization barriers, comparable to the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation processes. Evidence suggests that the plastid-mediated hybridization barriers associated with hybrid bleaching primarily arise through modification of components in regulatory networks, rather than of complex, multisubunit structures themselves that are frequent targets.     

西藏独一味属一新变型——白花独一味

描述了唇形科独一味属植物独一味[Lamiophlomis rotato.(Benth.ex Hook.f.)Kudo]的1个新变型--白花独一味[Lamiophlomis rotata(Benth.ex Hook.f.)Kudo f.dlbiflora J.Luo et S.L.Wang].原变型的花冠为淡紫色、红紫色或粉红褐色,而新变型花瓣为白色,花萼为绿色.     

大叶黑桫椤孢子超低温保存

大叶黑桫椤孢子在液氮中长期保存的结果表明：（1）大叶黑桫椤孢子可以保存于液氮中;（2）液氮保存后的孢子萌发率比未用液氮保存的普遍下降,保存90d的用室温慢速化冻的孢子萌发率最高（65.3％）,相对保持率最高可达79.3％;（3）采用室温（22～25℃）慢速化冻的效果优于37℃温水浴快速化冻的。据此认为,液氮超低温长期保存大叶黑桫椤孢子是可行的。