非繁殖期大仓鼠对同种气味的反应和个体间的行为关系

在实验室通过对陌生成年大仓鼠（Ｃｒｉｃｅｔｕｌｕｓｔｒｉｔｏｎ）非繁殖期的气味偏好,性别选择和两鼠间的行为关系的实验研究表明,用Ｙ－型迷宫进行选择测试时,与空白组比较,大仓鼠了同种个体鼠垫的气味,在雌雄巢垫气味之间,雌鼠偏好雄性巢垫的气味,雄鼠不表现性别偏好,与空白组比较,被试鼠选择同种个体;在雌雄个体之间,雄性大仓鼠选择同性个体,雌性不表现性别偏好,在观察箱内,无论同性相遇还是异性相遇,两鼠间攻     

黑杨萎蔫叶片挥发性物质的成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和气体吸附法提取黑杨萎蔫叶片的挥发性气味物质 ,用二氯甲烷做萃取剂 ,气相色谱_质谱联用技术分离和鉴定萃取到的气味物质的化学组分 ,结果表明 ,水蒸气蒸馏法共得到 1 9个峰 ,鉴定出结构的有 1 6个峰 ,未鉴明的 3个峰 ;主要组分为 4号峰的 (Z)_3_己烯醇 ,相对含量为 2 8.71 % ,其次为 1 4号峰的邻羟基苯甲醛 ,相对含量为 1 0 .35 %。气体吸附法共分离到 2 0个峰 ,鉴定出结构的有1 7个峰 ;主要组分分别为 6、7、8号峰的 (E)_2_己烯醛、(Z)_3_己烯醇、(E)_2_己烯醇 ,相对含量分别为2 0 .78%、2 9.1 2 %、2 9.2 2 %。两种方法所得到的相同组分为 9种 ,相似性为 46.1 5 %。     

Emerging views on the distinct but related roles of the main and accessory olfactory systems in responsiveness to chemosensory signals in mice

In rodents, the nasal cavity contains two separate chemosensory epithelia, the main olfactory epithelium, located in the posterior dorsal aspect of the nasal cavity, and the vomeronasal/accessory olfactory epithelium, located in a capsule in the anterior aspect of the ventral floor of the nasal cavity. Both the main and accessory olfactory systems play a role in detection of biologically relevant odors. The accessory olfactory system has been implicated in response to pheromones, while the main olfactory system is thought to be a general molecular analyzer capable of detecting subtle differences in molecular structure of volatile odorants. However, the role of the two systems in detection of biologically relevant chemical signals appears to be partially overlapping. Thus, while it is clear that the accessory olfactory system is responsive to putative pheromones, the main olfactory system can also respond to some pheromones. Conversely, while the main olfactory system can mediate recognition of differences in genetic makeup by smell, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) also appears to participate in recognition of chemosensory differences between genetically distinct individuals. The most salient feature of our review of the literature is that there are no general rules that allow classification of the accessory olfactory system as a pheromone detector and the main olfactory system as a detector of general odorants. Instead, each behavior must be considered within a specific behavioral context to determine the role of these two chemosensory systems. In each case, one system or the other (or both) participates in a specific behavioral or hormonal response.     

雌性布氏田鼠对不同共居时间雄性气味的识别与记忆

啮齿动物的社会识别包括对化学信号的辨别、学习和记忆。田鼠属动物雌雄成年个体共居一定时间后,可以利用气味信号来识别配偶。本研究将成年雌雄布氏田鼠配对饲养12 h、18 h、24 h,确认发生交配行为形成配对关系后,分开单独饲养6 h,取配偶雄鼠和陌生雄鼠巢垫物作为个体气味,在气味选择箱中观察雌鼠对配偶雄鼠和陌生雄鼠气味信号的探究和选择行为,从而探讨不同共居时间雌性布氏田鼠对配偶气味信号的识别与记忆的影响。研究结果表明:共居时间影响雌性布氏田鼠对配偶气味的识别与记忆;共居时间越长,雌鼠在气味探究和选择时间上对配偶气味偏好越明显;共居24 h 后,雌性布氏田鼠能够识别出配偶雄鼠的气味信号并形成记忆,这样的记忆维持时间至少是6 h。     

玫瑰香叶油的化学成分

从摩洛哥引种的玫瑰香叶(Pelargonium rosum)在云南省已栽培成功。其精油经GC/MS分析,共鉴定57个化合物,其中香叶醇含量为14.99％、芳樟醇含量为12.81％,这两个化学成分大大高于云南现有香叶油中的含量(香叶油一级品香叶醇为9.0—9.5％、芳樟醇4.0—4.5％)。香叶醇及香茅醇的各种酯类化合物含量也比香叶油高。从化学成分上看,玫瑰香叶油比现生产的香叶油有不同的应用价值,更接近法国波尔蓬香叶油的质量。     

Olfactory Receptor Multigene Family in Vertebrates: From the Viewpoint of Evolutionary Genomics

Olfaction is essential for the survival of animals. Diverse odor molecules in the environment are detected by the olfactory receptors (ORs) in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. There are ~400 and ~1,000 OR genes in the human and mouse genomes, respectively, forming the largest multigene family in mammals. The relationships between ORs and odorants are multiple-to-multiple, which allows for discriminating almost unlimited number of different odorants by a combination of ORs. However, the OR-ligand relationships are still largely unknown, and predicting the quality of odor from its molecular structure is unsuccessful.Extensive bioinformatic analyses using the whole genomes of various organisms revealed a great variation in number of OR genes among species, reflecting the diversity of their living environments. For example, higher primates equipped with a well-developed vision system and dolphins that are secondarily adapted to the aquatic life have considerably smaller numbers of OR genes than most of other mammals do. OR genes are characterized by extremely frequent gene duplications and losses. The OR gene repertories are also diverse among human individuals, explaining the diversity of odor perception such as the specific anosmia.OR genes are present in all vertebrates. The number of OR genes is smaller in teleost fishes than in mammals, while the diversity is higher in the former than the latter. Because the genome of amphioxus, the most basal chordate species, harbors vertebrate-like OR genes, the origin of OR genes can be traced back to the common ancestor of the phylum Chordata.     

Diagnosis of acute puerperal metritis by electronic nose device analysis of vaginal discharge in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of an electronic nose device using vaginal discharge samples to diagnose acute puerperal metritis (APM) in dairy cows. Uterine fluid was sampled manually with a gloved hand and under sterile conditions for electronic nose device analysis (day in milk (DIM) 2, 5, and 10) and bacteriologic examination (DIM 5), respectively, and on additional days, if APM was diagnosed during the daily clinical examinations. A dataset containing samples from 70 cows was used to create a model and to validate the APM status predicted by this model, respectively. Half of the dataset (n = 35; 14 healthy and 21 metritic cows) was provided with information regarding the APM diagnosis and contained all three measurements (DIM 2, 5, and 10) for each cow and was used as a training set whereas the second half was blinded (n = 35; 14 healthy and 21 metritic cows) and contained only the samples collected on DIM 5 of each cow and was used to validate the created prediction model. A receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated using the prediction results of the validation test. The best observed sensitivity was 100% with specificity of 91.6% when using a threshold value of 0.3. The calculated P-value for the receiver operating characteristic curve was less than 0.01. Overall, Escherichia coli was isolated in eight of 28 (28.6%) and 22 of 42 (52.4%) samples collected from healthy and metritic cows, respectively. Trueperella pyogenes and Fusobacterium necrophorum were isolated in 14 and six of 28 (50.0% and 21.4%) and 17 and 16 of 42 (40.5% and 38.1%) samples collected from healthy and metritic cows, respectively. The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes was similar in the samples obtained from metritic cows used for the training set and the validation test. The results are promising especially because of the objective nature of the measurements obtained by the electronic nose device.     

Study of structural and electronic origin of ambergris odor of some compounds

The correlation between structural, stereochemical as well as electronic features and ambergris odor of some tricyclic ethers is established based on quantum chemical calculation method. A definite structural fragment (a “new ambergris triangle”) with certain electronic properties determining the origin of the odor is revealed. The influence of HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and total energies of some ambergris compounds on their odor intensity is investigated.