Determination of anti-microbial properties of Ocimum viride concentrations on Rhizopus stolonifer infection and germination of soybean (Glycine max L. Merill)

Investigation was conducted to determine the anti-microbial properties of different concentrations of Ocimum viride and germination of soybean. Analysis of variance recorded a highly significant difference on the percentage occurrence of different fungal diseases at 5% probability level. Ocimum viride at 0.04 ppm had the highest mycelia growth inhibition 77.0%, while 0.00 ppm (control) recorded the lowest mycelia inhibition 1.00% of Rhizopus stolonifer. Investigation revealed that spot recorded the highest percentage occurrence 50%, scab 34%, mould 43% and blight 31.0% recording the lowest. Also the microorganisms isolated from diseased soybean were Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus species although the inhibition was very high on Rhizopus stolonifer, followed by Aspergillus sp, then mould when Fusarium sp was low. Also, Ocimun viride extract was observed to possess a high anti-microbial properties as it inhibited the growth of all the micro-organisms identified to be associated with the soybean sees. Result showed that seeds treated with crude extract of 0.04ppm had the highest percentage germination irrespective of the days of germination, followed by 0.03 ppm, then 0.02 ppm, when 0.00 ppm had the lowest. However, 0.01 and 0.02 ppm, respectively, recorded similar percentage germination 64%; 64% at 4 days after planting. Days of planting were highly significant on the percentage germination at 5% probability level, as germination of the soybean seeds increased with days of planting and highest percentage germination of 98% was recorded on the 6th day of planting while no germination was recorded from the 1st till the 4th day of planting.     

Efficacy of Acibenzolar‐S‐Methyl and β‐Aminobutyric Acid for Control of Downy Mildew in Greenhouse Grown Basil and Peroxidase Activity in Response to Treatment with these Compounds

Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronospora belbahrii, is a devastating foliar disease of basil in the United States and worldwide. Currently there are very few chemistries or organic choices registered to control this disease. In this study, two systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) and β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA), were evaluated for their in vitro effects on the pathogen, for their potential to control basil downy mildew in greenhouses, and for changes in peroxidase activity in basil plants treated with these two SAR inducers. No significant inhibition of sporangial germination was detected in water agar amended with ASM at concentrations lower than 100 mg/l or with BABA at concentrations lower than 500 mg/l. Efficacy of ASM and BABA in greenhouses varied depending on the rate, method and timing of application. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of disease severity was significantly reduced compared to the non‐treated control when ASM was sprayed (in all experiments) or drenched (in one out of two experiments) pre‐, or pre‐ + post‐inoculation at rates of 25–400 mg/l. Three weekly post‐inoculation sprays of ASM at the rate of 50 mg/l reduced AUDPC by 93.0 and 47.2% when started 3 and 7 days after inoculation (DAI), respectively. The AUDPC of disease severity was also significantly reduced when BABA was sprayed pre‐ + post‐inoculation at rates of 125–500 mg/l. According to the prediction using a log‐logistic function, 50% maximum disease protection was achieved at a concentration of 27.5 mg/l of ASM. Basil plants treated with these two SAR inducers and challenged with the pathogen showed significantly higher peroxidase activity than the non‐treated control at 8 DAI. Temporally, the highest activity of peroxidase was detected at 8 DAI, decreased at 15 DAI and waned further at 23 DAI.     

Evaluation and Risk Management by Using Ocimum bacillicum Against Waterborne Pathogens

Food and medicinal plants have been used for centuries against human diseases. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of different parts of Ocimum bacillicum Lam. (Niazboo or Sweet basil) of family Lamiaceae were investigated in vitro for their antibacterial properties against waterborne pathogens. The antibacterial properties of different parts of Ocimum bacillicum samples were assessed against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, which were isolated from water samples and identified by the API 20E method. The extracts from leaves and seeds of Ocimum bacillicum showed more antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E. coli at 37°C than those obtained from shoots, roots, and buds. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were observed for leaves and seeds as compared to other parts of the plant. No activity of alum was observed against the tested bacterial strains. The seeds of Ocimum bacillicum were associated with higher coagulation activity in comparison to other parts of the plant and were comparable with alum. These results suggest that parts of a plant offer a potential for antimicrobial treatment of drinking water, but needs further exploration.     

Chlorophyll Content in Some Cultivated and Wild Species of the Family Lamiaceae

Chlorophyll (Chl) a, b and (a+b) contents were measured in eleven cultivated and wild species of Lamiaceae collected from different environments. In nine of these eleven species, belonging to the subfamily Nepetoidea, the Chl a/b ratio was low. This suggests a prevailing shade aspect, regardless of collection sites and cultivated or wild origin.     

Cardioprotective potential of Ocimum sanctum in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats

Myocardial infarction (MI was produced in rats with 85, 200 and 300 mg/kg of isoproterenol (ISO) administered subcutaneously (sc) twice at an interval of 24 h. Shift in antioxidant parameters, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) together with morphological and histopathological changes were investigated. Two hundred mg/kg ISO dose was selected for the present study as this dose offered significant alteration in biochemical parameters along with moderate necrosis in heart. Effect of pre and cotreatment of hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum (Os) at different doses (25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was investigated against ISO (200 mg/kg) induced myocardial infarction in rats. Modulation of various biochemical parameters and membrane integrity was studied. Os at the dose of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg reduced significantly glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and LDH levels. It also inhibited the lipid peroxidation as observed by the reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. In the present study Os at the dose of 50 mg/kg was found to demonstrate maximum cardioprotective effect. Above results were further confirmed by histopathological findings. Thus from the present study it is concluded that Os may be of therapeutic and prophylactic value in the treatment of MI.     

罗勒籽脂肪酸及其对蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酯酶1B(PTP1B)抑制作用的研究

利用索氏提取法提取罗勒籽油,向罗勒籽油加入氢氧化钾甲醇溶液后并用水浴加热,加入正已烷和蒸馏水萃取,上清液即为罗勒籽油中脂肪酸,用气相色谱质谱法(CC/MS)对脂肪酸进行鉴定.共鉴定出了4种脂肪酸,其中α-亚麻酸为62.88％、亚油酸为20.66％、棕榈酸为10.67％、硬脂酸为5.79％.对罗勒籽脂肪酸进行PTP1B的抑制作用研究,结果表明脂肪酸对PTP1B有较强的抑制作用,其IC50为11.12 μg/mL.该研究为深入研究罗勒籽的药理作用提供了科学依据.     

四川米易逸生植物毛叶丁香罗勒精油化学成分研究

用气相色谱保留指数定性法,气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术和标准品叠加法研究了米易县的逸生植物——毛叶丁香罗勒(Ocimum gratissimum L.var.suvae Willd)的精油化学成分。从分离出的53个色谱峰鉴定出21个化合物.主要成分是丁香酚(84.500％)、顺-罗勒烯(4.567％)、顺-石竹烯(1.516％),α-依兰油烯(2.457％)。已鉴定成分相对含量占全油的96.641％.此精油的丁香酚含量明显高于其它地区栽培的同种植物.     

Larvicidal and antifeedant activity of some plant-derived compounds to Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Limantriidae)

Ethanol solutions of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum and its main component, linalool (both isomer forms), all in three concentrations, as well as botanical standard Bioneem (0.5%), were tested for their toxicity and antifeedant activity against the second instar gypsy moth larvae in the laboratory bioassay. The essential oil of O. basilicum was subjected to gas chromatography analysis, and totally 37 compounds were detected, of which linalool was predominantly present. All tested solutions showed low to moderate larvicidal effect in both residual toxicity test and in chronic larval mortality bioassay. Chronic mortality tests showed that obtained mortality was a consequence of starving rather than ingestion of treated leaves. However, antifeedant index achieved by application of tested solutions in feeding choice assay was remarkable. Foliar application of all tested compounds deterred feeding by L2 in the same percent as Bioneem. Antifeedant index was relatively high at all tested treatments (85-94%); moreover, the larval desensitization to repelling volatiles has not occurred after five days of observation. Low toxic and high antifeedant properties make these plant-derived compounds suitable for incorporation in integrated pest management programs, especially in urban environments.