‘台农1号’芒果果实发育过程中的糖分积累与相关酶活性研究

以‘台农1号’芒果为材料,测定了果实生长发育过程中淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及淀粉酶、蔗糖代谢相关酶———酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果显示,(1)台农1号芒果果实属于单S型生长曲线,发育前期主要积累淀粉、葡萄糖和果糖,果实成熟软化时,淀粉酶活性降至最低,淀粉水解,蔗糖快速积累.(2)酸性转化酶活性在果实整个发育过程中维持最高,完熟时略有降低;蔗糖磷酸合成酶在果实发育前期略有降低,完熟时升至最高;蔗糖合成酶和中性转化酶活性在整个发育期一直很低且较稳定.(3)淀粉含量与淀粉酶活性呈显著正相关,与SPS活性呈极显著负相关,蔗糖、葡萄糖含量均与SPS、SS呈显著、极显著的正相关;果糖含量与SS呈极显著的正相关.研究表明,芒果成熟时淀粉分解、酸性转化酶活性的降低,且蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的增加是引起果实蔗糖积累的主要因子.     

氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响

在大田栽培条件下,分别在长江流域下游棉区(江苏南京)和黄河流域黄淮棉区(河南安阳)设置棉花氮素水平试验,定量研究氮素水平对花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素累积利用率动态变化的影响,结果表明:棉株总生物量和氮素累积量随花后棉株生育进程的动态变化符合S型曲线,安阳、南京试点分别以360kg.hm-2、240kg.hm-2氮素水平的总生物量、氮素累积最多,其动态累积模型的特征参数值最为协调,皮棉产量最高。因此,可以通过改变施肥量来调节初花后棉株生长特征值,从而获得高产。棉株氮素累积利用率随初花后棉花生育进程的推进,呈现为不规则的S型曲线变化趋势,计算两试点的氮素累积利用率、瞬时利用率,安阳试点以360 kg.hm-2的施氮水平为最优,南京以240 kg.hm-2最高;施肥过多不仅利用率低,而且易造成营养器官比例加大,棉株虽可获得较大的干物质和氮素累积,但不能适时向生殖器官转移,皮棉产量降低。     

Nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation across an ecotonal gradient in a mangrove forest

Mangrove forests are characterized by distinctive tree-height gradientsthat reflect complex spatial, within-stand differences in environmentalfactors,including nutrient dynamics, salinity, and tidal inundation, across narrowgradients. To determine patterns of nutrient limitation and the effects ofnutrient availability on plant growth and within-stand nutrient dynamics, weused a factorial experiment with three nutrient treatment levels (control, N,P)and three zones along a tree-height gradient (fringe, transition, dwarf) onoffshore islands in Belize. Transects were laid out perpendicular to theshoreline across a mangrove forest from a fringe stand along the seaward edge,through a stand of intermediate height, into a dwarf stand in the interior ofthe island. At three sites, three trees were fertilized per zone for 2yr. Although there was spatial variability in response, growth byR. mangle was generally nitrogen (N) -limited in thefringe zone;phosphorus (P) -limited in the dwarf zone; and, N- and/or P-limited in thetransition zone. Phosphorus-resorption efficiency decreased in all three zones,and N-resorption efficiency increased in the dwarf zone in response to Penrichment. The addition of N had no effect on either P or N resorptionefficiencies. Belowground decomposition was increased by P enrichment in allzones, whereas N enrichment had no effect. This study demonstrated thatessential nutrients are not uniformly distributed within mangrove ecosystems;that soil fertility can switch from conditions of N to P limitation acrossnarrow ecotonal gradients; and, that not all ecological processes respondsimilarly to, or are limited by, the same nutrient.     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林碳素积累和分配特征

研究了鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林 40 0多年林龄的锥栗 (Castanopsis chinensis)、黄果厚壳桂 (Crypto-carya concinna)和 50多年林龄的黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟 (Lindera chunii)两个群落碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明 ,两林分间植物碳素含量在不同器官和不同层中的分配格局均十分相似 ,总平均分别为 41 .980 %(锥栗、黄果厚壳桂群落 )和 40 .377% (黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟群落 )。锥栗、黄果厚壳桂群落生态系统碳总贮量为 2 4 4 .998t/ hm2 ,其中植被部分为 1 54.2 89t/ hm2 ,土壤为 89.1 2 8t/ hm2 ,地表凋落物层为 1 .581 t/ hm2。黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟群落植被碳总贮量为 84.1 51 t/ hm2。在两林分植被碳总贮量中 ,乔木层分别占了97.47% (锥栗、黄果厚壳桂群落 )和 98.0 4 % (黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟群落 ) ,而在乔木层碳总贮量中 ,干器官则分别占 47.93% (锥栗、黄果厚壳桂群落 )和 44.66% (黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟群落 )。锥栗、黄果厚壳桂群落植被碳年积累量为 3.1 4 9t/ (hm2· a) ,黄果厚壳桂、鼎湖钓樟群落植被碳年积累量则为 3.42 5 t/ (hm2· a)。     

基于数字高程模型的生态净化系统分析与设计

采用现场调查与系统模拟的方法,以辽东湾复合湿地生态系统为研究对象,全面分析了生态系统内各生态单元对有机污染物的净化能力,提出了复合生态系统的污染物净化量估算模型,并基于研究区的数字高程模型(DEM)信息,对整个湿地生态系统重新进行了优化设计.结果表明：各生态单元对化学需氧量(COD_Cr）、生化需氧量(BOD₅）、石油类等污染物的净化能力存在差异,导致不同组成与结构的生态系统净化负荷有所不同;系统原COD_Cr净化量为188.9 kg·d^-1、净化负荷量为2.84 g·m^-2·d^-1,而根据研究区DEM信息对系统进行优化设计后的COD_Cr净化量为313.3 kg·d^-1、净化负荷量达4.72 g·m^-2·d^-1,净化效率提高了近20%.     

Spatio-temporal tumour model for analysis and mechanism of action of intracellular drug accumulation

We have developed a one-dimensional tumour simulator to describe the biodistribution of chemotherapeutic drugs to a tumoral lesion and the tumour cell’s response to therapy. A three-compartment model is used for drug dynamics within the tumour. The first compartment represents the extracellular space in which cells move, the second corresponds to the intracellular fluid space (including cell membrane) which is in direct equilibrium with the extracellular space, and the third is a non-exchangeable compartment that represents sequestered drug which is trapped in the nucleus to damage the cellular DNA, directly triggering cell death. Analytical and numerical techniques (Finite Element Method) are used to describe the tumour’s response to therapy and the effect of parameter variation on the drug concentration profiles in the three compartments.     

豆科作物-小麦轮作方式下旱地小麦花后干物质及养分累积、转移与产量的关系

研究旱作条件下豆科绿肥轮作影响旱地小麦产量变化的作物营养生态机制,对优化旱地作物种植施肥制度,促进水分资源高效利用、土壤培肥、作物增产有重要意义。通过两年定位试验,分析了与不同豆科作物轮作引起的后茬小麦产量变化及其与干物质、氮磷钾养分累积、转移的关系。结果表明:与秋豆轮作的第一季,小麦籽粒产量无显著变化,但第二季小麦产量提高23.4%;与绿豆轮作,两季产量分别降低19.2%和4.4%;与大豆轮作,产量无显著变化。与秋豆轮作增加了小麦花后干物质及氮、磷养分累积,和对照相比分别增加了35.1%,128.8%和14.0%,而与大豆和绿豆轮作花后干物质累积分别降低26.7%和17.0%,花后氮累积分别降低44.2%和24.4%,花后磷累积与对照相比无显著差异。与此对应,秋豆-小麦轮作,其后茬小麦花后干物质及养分累积对产量形成的贡献显著增加,茎叶花前累积氮、磷向籽粒的转移对产量的贡献明显小于大豆-小麦和绿豆-小麦轮作处理。与氮、磷不同,小麦茎叶花前累积钾素向籽粒转移的同时,花后植株钾素没有累积,反而明显损失,其中与秋豆轮作的小麦花后植株钾素损失量较小,为3.8 kg/hm2,籽粒钾素占转移钾的81.0%;休闲或与大豆、绿豆轮作的小麦花后植株钾素损失较多,分别为10.9,12.6和5.5kg/hm2,籽粒钾素占转移钾的52.9%,52.9%和66.8%。与秋豆-小麦轮作处理小麦增产的主要原因是花后植株能累积更多干物质和氮、磷养分,减少了花前累积于茎叶的钾素在花后的损失。     

福建柏和杉木人工林营养元素积累与分配

对福建三明33a生福建柏和杉木人工林群落营养元素积累和分配进行了研究,结果表明:福建柏和杉木人工林群落乔木层生物量分别为228.8thm-2和235.1thm-2,N、P、K、Ca和Mg等5种元素总积累量分别为1283kghm-2和1060kghm-2,乔木层和群落5种元素积累量的大小顺序均为:K>N>Ca>Mg>P,5种元素总积累量在乔木层各器官的分配量顺序分别为:干材>枝>根>干皮>叶>枯枝、干材>根>干皮>叶>枝>枯枝。福建柏的营养利用效率低于杉木。虽然两种人工林生态系统94%以上的营养元素储存在土壤中,但是土壤中植物容易利用的有效营养元素储量较低,其中有效P在土壤中的储量低于植物中的储量。福建柏和杉木人工林33 a生时乔木层5种营养元素总和的当年存留量分别为30.75kghm-2和16.53kghm-2。     

Ecophysiological response and morphological adjustment of two Central Asian desert shrubs towards variation in summer precipitation

As part of global climate change, variation in precipitation in arid ecosystems is leading to plant adaptation in water-use strategies; significant interspecific differences in response will change the plant composition of desert communities. This integrated study on the ecophysiological and individual morphological scale investigated the response, acclimation and adaptation of two desert shrubs, with different water-use strategies, to variations in water conditions. The experiments were carried out on two native dominant desert shrubs, Tamarix ramosissima and Haloxylon ammodendron, under three precipitation treatments (natural, double and no precipitation, respectively), in their original habitats on the southern periphery of Gurbantonggut Desert, Central Asia, during the growing season in 2005. Changes in photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf water potential, water-use efficiency, above-ground biomass accumulation and root distribution of the two species were examined and compared under the contrasting precipitation treatments. There were significant interspecific differences in water-use strategy and maintenance of photosynthesis under variation in precipitation. For the phreatophyte T. ramosissima, physiological activity and biomass accumulation rely on the stable groundwater, which shields it from fluctuation in the water status of the upper soil layers caused by precipitation. For the non-phreatophyte H. ammodendron, efficient morphological adjustment, combined with strong stomatal control, contributes to its acclimation to variation in precipitation. On account of its positive responses to increased precipitation, H. ammodendron is predicted to succeed in interspecific competition in a future, moister habitat.     

四川大头茶若干生态问题的研究

四川大头茶(Gordonia acumenata)是我国亚热带西南地区常绿阔叶林优势种之一,材质好,生长快而又未被人注意的一种优良树种。由于它是喜阳的常绿阔叶顶极先锋种(pioneer climax species)其幼苗耐阴,所以在针阔叶混交林中排挤了先锋树种(pioneer species)马尾松,而本身又在常绿阔叶林演替阶段,被更耐阴的顶极种(climax species)所代替,这是由于顶极种有较高的生态位重叠(niche overiap)和最大的生态位宽度(niche breadth)值。四川大头茶Pn日变化具有双峰曲线型和单峰曲线型两种模式,而年变化有明显的季节现象。光照强度和温度是决定Pn的两个主要生态因子,并具有较高的饱和净光合速率和降低暗呼吸能力使其成为喜阳速生的特性。由于速生,其生物量可达176.62t·ha-1;生产量达10.86t·ha-1。四川大头茶幼苗的蒸腾强度与大气湿度、叶温、光强、相对湿度、叶含水量等参数的变化有密切关系。干旱胁迫使光合速率明显下降,从而影响地上部分的生物生产力,但根／冠比却增加18.18%,这可能是植株对干旱胁迫的一种生态适应对策。四川大头茶各器官的营养元素分配与季节有密切关系,同时与土壤中相应的元素含量也有关。