首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   1980篇
  免费   263篇
  国内免费   111篇
  2354篇
  2025年   12篇
  2024年   60篇
  2023年   33篇
  2022年   50篇
  2021年   65篇
  2020年   95篇
  2019年   95篇
  2018年   75篇
  2017年   80篇
  2016年   80篇
  2015年   82篇
  2014年   90篇
  2013年   113篇
  2012年   98篇
  2011年   105篇
  2010年   82篇
  2009年   118篇
  2008年   119篇
  2007年   122篇
  2006年   104篇
  2005年   88篇
  2004年   78篇
  2003年   62篇
  2002年   54篇
  2001年   44篇
  2000年   48篇
  1999年   39篇
  1998年   31篇
  1997年   30篇
  1996年   20篇
  1995年   18篇
  1994年   24篇
  1993年   13篇
  1992年   26篇
  1991年   7篇
  1990年   15篇
  1989年   10篇
  1988年   13篇
  1987年   4篇
  1986年   9篇
  1985年   5篇
  1984年   5篇
  1983年   5篇
  1982年   3篇
  1980年   6篇
  1979年   8篇
  1978年   5篇
  1977年   2篇
  1975年   1篇
  1974年   2篇
排序方式: 共有2354条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
    
Resistance to xenobiotics remains a pressing issue in parasite treatment and global agriculture. Multiple factors may affect the evolution of resistance, including interactions between life‐history traits and the strength of selection imposed by different drug doses. We experimentally created replicate selection lines of free‐living Caenorhabditis remanei exposed to Ivermectin at high and low doses to assess whether survivorship of lines selected in drug‐treated environments increased, and if this varied with dose. Additionally, we maintained lines where mortality was imposed randomly to control for differences in density between drug treatments and to distinguish between the evolutionary consequences of drug‐treatment versus ecological processes due to changes in density‐dependent feedback. After 10 generations, we exposed all of the selected lines to high‐dose, low‐dose and drug‐free environments to evaluate evolutionary changes in survivorship as well as any costs to adaptation. Both adult and juvenile survival were measured to explore relationships between life‐history stage, selection regime and survival. Intriguingly, both drug‐selected and random‐mortality lines showed an increase in survivorship when challenged with Ivermectin; the magnitude of this increase varied with the intensity of selection and life‐history stage. Our results suggest that interactions between density‐dependent processes and life history may mediate evolved changes in susceptibility to control measures.  相似文献   
12.
    
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used and effective therapy for several neurologic disorders, such as idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, dystonia or tremor. DBS is based on the delivery of electrical stimuli to specific deep anatomic structures of the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of DBS remain enigmatic. This has led to an interest in investigating the impact of DBS in animal models, especially in rats. As DBS is a long-term therapy, research should be focused on molecular-genetic changes of neural circuits that occur several weeks after DBS. Long-term DBS in rats is challenging because the rats move around in their cage, which causes problems in keeping in place the wire leading from the head of the animal to the stimulator. Furthermore, target structures for stimulation in the rat brain are small and therefore electrodes cannot easily be placed at the required position. Thus, a set-up for long-lasting stimulation of rats using platinum/iridium electrodes with an impedance of about 1 MΩ was developed for this study. An electrode with these specifications allows for not only adequate stimulation but also recording of deep brain structures to identify the target area for DBS. In our set-up, an electrode with a plug for the wire was embedded in dental cement with four anchoring screws secured onto the skull. The wire from the plug to the stimulator was protected by a stainless-steel spring. A swivel was connected to the circuit to prevent the wire from becoming tangled. Overall, this stimulation set-up offers a high degree of free mobility for the rat and enables the head plug, as well as the wire connection between the plug and the stimulator, to retain long-lasting strength.  相似文献   
13.
    
Abstract. Previous research has indicated that patch structure at small spatial scales (<100m2) in tallgrass prairies was defined by a diverse array of infrequent species because dominant species occurred in all samples at this scale. Also, patch structure was not significantly different from that derived from random species associations. Based on these results, we hypothesized that remo val of a dominant species would have no effect on patch structure in these prairies. We tested this hypothesis by removing a dominant grass, Schizachyrium scoparium (Poaceae), from half of each of four 10 m × 10 m study blocks, and comparing differences in patch structure between control and removal halves before and after removal. The minimum resolution in our study was 1 m2. Patches of similar species composition were defined by cluster analysis of presence/absence data and cover data. Patch sizes ranged from 1 to 34 m2. Following the removal of S. scoparium there was an overall increase in the number of species in the removal half of each block compared to pre-treatment levels. However, the number of patch types and number of spatially mapped groups, based on presence/absence or cover data, did not change between control and removal plots after the removal of S. scoparium. This supports the hypothesis that removal of a large, dominant species would have no effect on patch structure at this scale of resolution in these prairies. Thus, patch structure, as defined here, is an emergent property in these grasslands that is not predictable from changes in species composition. This property of stochastic patch structure results from interactions of processes operating at scales both larger and smaller than our scale of resolution. Stochastic models may provide a reasonable approach to modelling small-scale patch dynamics in tallgrass prairie communities.  相似文献   
14.
以磷脂含量为指标对木瓜〔Chaenomeles sinensis ( Thouin) Koehne〕籽毛油水化脱胶过程中脱胶剂种类、脱胶剂添加量、脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行单因素实验,并在此基础上对脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行L9(33)正交实验;以酸价为指标对碱炼脱酸过程中的碱液(NaOH溶液)浓度、碱炼温度和超碱用量进行单因素实验和L9(33)正交实验;并比较了毛油、脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的主要理化指标变化。单因素实验和正交实验结果表明:在木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶过程中采用不同的脱胶剂种类(包括柠檬酸、草酸和蒸馏水)、脱胶剂添加量(质量分数0.1%~0.5%)、脱胶时间(10~70 min)、加水量(质量分数1%~6%)和脱胶温度(65℃~85℃),毛油中的磷脂含量均有明显差异;而碱炼脱酸过程中采用不同的碱液浓度(质量分数6%~14%)、碱炼温度(40℃~80℃)和超碱用量(质量分数0.15%~0.40%),毛油酸价也有明显变化。总体上看,木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶的适宜条件为添加质量分数0.2%柠檬酸为脱胶剂、脱胶温度75℃、加水量为质量分数4%、脱胶时间50 min;碱炼脱酸的适宜条件为碱液浓度为质量分数12%、碱炼温度80℃、超碱用量为质量分数0.30%。理化指标的测定结果表明:与毛油相比,脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的碘值略升高但差异不明显、过氧化值明显升高、磷脂含量和皂化值均明显下降,而脱酸油和精炼油的酸价也明显下降。研究结果显示:经过脱胶、脱酸、水洗干燥一系列过程后获得的木瓜籽精炼油的理化指标基本符合国家食用植物油卫生标准。  相似文献   
15.
The viable propagule banks of a temporary stream were studied from sections with different agricultural history. Hatching of zooplankton (copepods, rotifers and cladocerans) was recorded in the laboratory under controlled temperature and light conditions from an agriculturally modified area with average hydroperiods of about a week per year and two semi-natural reference areas with average hydroperiods of more than 3 weeks per year. We found significant differences in both taxon richness and abundance of zooplankton hatching between areas, which were lower in the agriculturally modified section, compared to the reference sections. Another factor likely to have influenced hatching in our experiment was conductivity, which differed between the two reference sections and might have affected hatching at high conductivities. For restoration purposes, hydrological reconnection of stream segments is important to facilitate dispersal from the high diversity upstream segments to the depleted sites downstream.  相似文献   
16.
硝酸盐转运蛋白(nitrate transporter,NRT)是植物识别、吸收和转运硝酸盐的关键蛋白,对促进作物根系发育、提高产量具有重要作用。通过筛选水生植物,利用NRT蛋白的保守区设计简并引物,并通过PCR和RACE技术,首次从矮珍珠(Glossostigma elatinoides)中克隆得到GeNRT2.1基因。进化分析结果表明,GeNRT2.1与烟草NRT2.1在进化关系上距离最近。qRT-PCR结果表明,GeNRT2.1在矮珍珠根中表达量最高,其次是叶和茎,此外,低浓度硝酸盐(0.5 mmol·L-1)处理后,GeNRT2.1在根、叶、茎中的表达量分别是高浓度硝酸(2 mmol·L-1)处理后的1.89、1.93和2.07倍。功能互补实验发现,GeNRT2.1能使缺陷型酵母Δynr恢复生长,具有硝酸盐转运蛋白的功能。通过丰富NRT基因资源,以期为培育氮肥高效利用转基因作物,发展绿色农业,保证我国的粮食安全和环境安全提供理论依据。  相似文献   
17.
采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级方法和灼烧法、Bowman-Cole的土壤有机磷分组方法,研究了定位试验23年的0~100cm土壤无机磷和有机磷的形态组成.结果表明,无机磷含量为厩肥>休闲>化肥>低秸>高秸>中秸>无肥.不同施肥处理土壤无机磷各组分的IPi值呈现以下特点:Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IPi值较低,Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P的IPi值较高.与无肥处理的无机磷各组分IPi值相比,厩肥与休闲处理Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IPi值显著增大,Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P的IPi值减小,其中以Ca10-P的IPi值减小较大.单施化肥处理Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、O-P的IPi值也增大,Ca10-P、Fe-P的IPi值减小,显示长期单施化肥不仅可明显提高Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P含量,而且对O-P的增长有显著作用.3种秸秆处理基本上呈现Ca2-P、Ca8-P、AlP的IPi值增大,Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P的IPi值减小趋势.从就有效磷(Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P)含量而言,厩肥处理高于化肥处理,而单施化肥处理高于玉米秸秆处理.玉米秸秆配施化肥可显著增加土壤有机磷含量.对土壤有机磷库的贡献,玉米秸秆处理大于厩肥处理.施入有机肥,可增加土壤有机磷各组分的含量,而化肥则主要是促进土壤稳定性有机磷向活性、中活性有机磷转化.长期不施肥处理的土  相似文献   
18.
本文以巫山玉米洞遗址为例,对石灰岩石器进行复制与使用功效的模拟实验,结果表明有些石灰岩在石器打制层面表现出较好的适用性,石灰岩石器在常规的砍砸、切割、挖掘等行为活动中表现出良好的功能实用性和效率。通过实验标本与遗址出土石器的对比分析,我们认为该遗址应存在优选天然毛坯直接使用而形成的“使用石器”,类型主要集中在砍砸器和手镐等重型工具,但二次加工的石器比“使用石器”更为有效耐用;有尖类石器在作用于硬性对象或结构不稳定、受力不均时容易产生残损,与出土有尖类石器较高的残损率相吻合;把手修理在石器使用过程中显得非常必要,为遗址出土石器普遍存在把手修理现象提供了合理解释。  相似文献   
19.
遗传学实验显微图像采集与演示系统设计   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
利用 Microsoft® Visual Basic 6.0 设计开发了“遗传学实验显微图像采集与演示系统”,该系统主要包括图像采集和编辑、文本输入和编辑,实验指导和图像演示、图像检索和数据库管理、系统维护及帮助等功能,各部分都以窗口形式设计,既可采用视频图像采集卡实时捕获图像,又可通过扫描仪、数码相机、剪贴板或文件输入已有的图像,并经压缩技术处理后与文字说明、实验指导一同存入数据库,方便、快捷、灵活地实现了对图像的输入和编辑、查询和演示,无论是对教师的遗传学实验教学,还是对学生的遗传学实验的自学,都起到了良好的辅助作用。Abstract: A system for capturing and showing micrographs of genetics was designed with Microsoft® Visual Basic 6.0. The system includes many functions such as capturing and editing images, typing and editing text, teaching experiments, showing images, image retrieval, database management, system maintenance and help, all of them were developed with the form of windows. The system could collect images not only from image-grabber card in real-time but also from scanner, digital camera, clipboard and files. After utilizing the image compression technology, the images will be saved in database along with experiment instruction. With all the features referred above, the system can used as a wonderful assistant both for the teaching of genetics experiment and for the students’ learning by themselves.  相似文献   
20.
微生物增产煤层气成为近年来煤层气领域的研究重点。作为产甲烷过程中的核心微生物——产甲烷古菌,通常是严格厌氧,对氧气敏感。【目的】为了解煤层气产出水厌氧富集培养并进行空气暴露后,产甲烷潜力及菌群结构的变化情况。选取不同煤层气产区煤层产出水,经厌氧富集培养后进行空气暴露实验,探究暴露于好氧环境后菌群的产甲烷能力以及微生物群落变化,可为未来规模化厌氧发酵产物在煤层原位利用煤产气工艺开发提供科学参考。【方法】以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘地区韩城(HC)、保德(BD)和临汾(LF)3个区块煤层产出水菌群富集产物为研究对象,进行空气暴露实验,在24 h内连续取样,空气暴露后菌液再次接种培养,进行厌氧产气能力监测及微生物菌群组成多样性分析,评估混合菌群对有氧环境的耐受程度及产甲烷能力,同时观察菌群变化情况。【结果】回接培养后,由产甲烷结果可知,三区块空气暴露24h后微生物仍具有产气能力,而且产气能力与未经空气暴露相当。菌群分析发现:参与前期水解、酸化及乙酸化过程的细菌主要为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),产甲烷古菌主要为广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、产甲烷袋菌属(Methanofollis)和甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)。【结论】在经历24 h空气暴露后,煤层产出水微生物菌群产甲烷能力并未受到影响,产甲烷能力与未接触空气菌群相当;参与甲烷生成菌群组成及菌群变化也不明显,但不同类型微生物的相对丰度有一定变化。本研究有望在厌氧富集菌液应用于煤层原位降解产甲烷工程化应用中具有广泛的应用前景。  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号