柞蚕核型多角体病毒PstⅠ-B、C片断克隆及序列分析

本研究克隆并测序分析了柞蚕核型多角体病毒(Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus,ApNPV) PstⅠ-B和C片断。结果表明：ApNPV PstⅠ-B片断长7406 bp,编码7个开放阅读框(open reading frames, orf),包括p87、he65、pnk/pnl、odv-ec43基因及黄杉毒蛾核型多角体病毒病毒(Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,OpMNPV) orf107、orf108同源区。ApNPV PstⅠ-C长6663 bp,编码11个orf,包括pk-1、orf1629、polh、lef-2、ptp-2、ctl-1、ptp-1及OpMNPV orf5、orf7、orf8和orf11同源区。ApNPV是已知的第三个编码pnk/pnl、第四个同时编码ptp-1和 ptp-2基因的杆状病毒。     

柞蚕核型多角体病毒PstI-B、C片段克隆及序列分析

克隆并测序分析了柞蚕核型多角体病毒(Antheraea pernyinucleopolyhedrovirus,ApNPV)PstI-B和C片段。结果表明:ApNPVPstI-B片段长7406bp,编码7个开放阅读框(open readingframes,orf),包括p87、he65、pnk/pnl、odv-ec43基因及黄杉毒蛾核型多角体病毒(Orgyiapseudotsugatamulticapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,OpMNPV)orf107、orf108同源区。ApNPVPstⅠ-C长6663bp,编码11个orf,包括pk-1、orf1629、polh、lef-2、ptp-2、ctl-1、ptp-1基因及OpMNPVorf5、orf7、orf8和orf11同源区。在鉴定的18个杆状病毒基因中,he65和orf1629基因分化较大;polh和lef-2基因较保守。ApNPV是已知的第3个编码pnk/pnl基因、第4个同时编码ptp-1和ptp-2两个基因的杆状病毒。     

柞蚕核型多角体病毒基因表达载体系统的构建与基因表达

柞蚕是一种野外饲养的经济昆虫,主要分布在我国东北部山区。柞蚕以蛹滞育越冬,其蚕蛹个大、容易固定、保存时间长、无须饲养、容易运输等优点。利用柞蚕蛹作为生物反应器生产外来蛋白质,可以大规模机械化生产,减少操作上的烦琐和劳动力。本文利用柞蚕核型多角体病毒(AnpeNPV)作为基因表达载体,在柞蚕培养细胞(AnPe细胞)和柞蚕蛹中成功地表达了β-半乳糖苷酶基因（LacZ）,并利用AnPe细胞筛选、纯化获得了AnpeLacZ重组病毒。该重组病毒的β-半乳糖苷酶产量,在TC-100(含10%FBS)培养的AnPe细胞中最高酶活性为感染后第12天的40.9 units/ml,在SF-900Ⅱ培养的AnPe细胞中最高酶活性为感染后第18天的59.9 units/ml,后者表达量稍高,但时间滞后。AnpeLacZ在5℃保存了7个月的柞蚕蛹中,感染后第15天酶活性达到最高,雌蛹14.3 units/g,雄蛹11.7 units/g,雌蛹比雄蛹略高。结果显示,柞蚕核型多角体病毒和柞蚕蛹可以作为一个可以机械化大规模生产的新型杆状病毒基因表达载体系统开发和利用。     

Current Status of Deltabaculoviruses, Cypoviruses and Chloriridoviruses Pathogenic for Mosquitoes

There are a variety of viral pathogens that cause disease in mosquitoes with most belonging to three major groups. The most common viruses of mosquitoes are the baculoviruses (DBVs) (Baculoviridae: Deltabaculovirus), cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) (Reoviridae: Cypovirus) and the iridoviruses (MIVs) (Iridoviridae: Chloriridovirus). Baculoviruses and iridoviruses are DNA viruses while cypoviruses are the main RNA viruses in mosquitoes. This review presents an overview of the current status and recent advancements in understanding the biology and molecular features of mosquito pathogenic viruses.     

Nucleopolyhedrovirus Introduction in Australia

Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) has become an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) in many Australian agricultural and horticultural crops. This is the culmination of years of work conducted by researchers at the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (QDPI&F) and Ag Biotech Australia Pty Ltd. In the early 1970’s researchers at QDPI&F identified and isolated a virus in Helicoverpa armigera populations in the field. This NPV was extensively studied and shown to be highly specific to Helicoverpa and Heliothis species. Further work showed that when used appropriately the virus could be used effectively to manage these insects in crops such as sorghum, cotton, chickpea and sweet corn. A similar virus was first commercially produced in the USA in the 1970’s. This product, Elcar?, was introduced into Australia in the late 1970’s by Shell Chemicals with limited success. A major factor contributing to the poor adoption of Elcar was the concurrent enormous success of the synthetic pyrethroids. The importance of integrated pest management was probably also not widely accepted at that time. Gradual development of insect resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and other synthetic insecticides in Australia and the increased awareness of the importance of IPM meant that researchers once again turned their attentions to environmentally friendly pest management tools such NPV and beneficial insects. In the 1990’s a company called Rhone-Poulenc registered an NPV for use in Australian sorghum, chickpea and cotton. This product, Gemstar?, was imported from the USA. In 2000 Ag Biotech Australia established an in-vivo production facility in Australia to produce commercial volumes of a product similar to the imported product. This product was branded, ViVUS?, and was first registered and sold commercially in Australia in 2003. The initial production of ViVUS used a virus identical to the American product but replicating it in an Australian Helicoverpa species, H. armigera. Subsequent research collaboration between QDPI&F and Ag Biotech reinvigorated interest in the local virus strain. This was purified and the production system adapted to produce it on a commercial scale. This new version of ViVUS, which was branded ViVUS Gold?, was first registered and sold commercially in 2004. Widespread insect resistance to insecticides and a greater understanding of integrated pest management is leading to increased adoption of technologies such NPV in Australian agriculture.     

Production, Application, and Field Performance of AbietivTM, the Balsam Fir Sawfly Nucleopolyhedrovirus

Beginning in the early 1990s, the balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis) became a significant defoliating insect of precommercially thinned balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands in western Newfoundland, Canada. In 1997, a nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeabNPV) was isolated from the balsam fir sawfly and, as no control measures were then available, NeabNPV was developed for the biological control of balsam fir sawfly. In order to register NeabNPV for operational use under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act, research was carried out in a number of areas including NeabNPV field efficacy, non-target organism toxicology, balsam fir sawfly ecology and impact on balsam fir trees, and NeabNPV genome sequencing and analysis. As part of the field efficacy trials, approximately 22 500 hectares of balsam fir sawfly-infested forest were aerially treated with NeabNPV between 2000 and 2005. NeabNPV was found to be safe, efficacious, and economical for the suppression of balsam fir sawfly outbreak populations. Conditional registration for the NeabNPV-based product, Abietiv?, was received from the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Health Canada) in April 2006. In July 2006, Abietiv was applied by spray airplanes to 15 000 ha of balsam fir sawfly-infested forest in western Newfoundland in an operational control program.     

零背景转座技术高效构建重组家蚕杆状病毒表达系统

摘要：【目的】获得零转座背景的基于家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus, BmNPV) Bac-to-Bac 系统,为高效经济构建重组BmNPV在家蚕体内表达目标蛋白提供新系统。【方法】利用R6Kγ作为复制子构建新的条件复制型杆状病毒转移载体pRADM,同时封闭BmNPV-Bacmid（BmBacmid）宿主菌（Escherichia coli BmDH10Bac）的Tn7转座受体位点attTn7,获得新的封闭型宿主菌E.coli BmDH10Bac△Tn7。【结果】由于pRADM无法在宿主菌E.coli BmDH10Bac中复制,封闭了attTn7位点的宿主菌也不能再和BmBacmid竞争与转移载体的重组,显著提高了转座效率。封闭宿主菌的attTn7位点,能使转座效率提高近4倍,使用条件复制型转座载体pRADM时,转座效率提高近10倍。而用pRADM转座E.coli BmDH10Bac△Tn7时,转座阳性率为100％。避免了获得重组病毒DNA的鉴定程序,缩短了获得重组蛋白所需时间。用携带红色荧光蛋白基因DsRed的重组质粒pRADM-Red转座E.coli BmDH10Bac△Tn7,获得重组BmBacmid转染BmN细胞,红色荧光蛋白在细胞中得到高效表达。【结论】结果表明pRADM和E.coli BmDH10Bac△Tn7是一种零背景高效构建重组BmNPV的新系统。     

Structural and ultrastructural alterations of Malpighian tubules of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae infected with different Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) recombinant viruses

Malpighian tubules constitute the main excretion organ of insects. Infection by egt⁻ recombinant AcMNPV baculovirus in lepidopteran larvae promotes early degeneration of these structures, which has been correlated with earlier death of the host. However, no trace of viral infection has been detected in that tissue. We constructed two AgMNPV recombinants with the egfp gene under control of the hsp70 promoter, one being egt⁻, and used another two recombinants (one egt⁻) containing the lacZ gene. Morphological alterations in the tubules were analyzed by light and electron microscopies. Bioassays were conducted to compare the pathogenicity of recombinants. Results showed progressive presence of marker proteins and tissue degeneration without signals of infection in the tissue. Morphological and bioassay results showed increased pathogenicity for lacZ-containing recombinants compared to the egfp ones; as for egt⁻ viruses, we noted higher intensity and earlier onset of alterations. The absence of infection led us to believe that Malpighian tubules degeneration is provoked initially by the death of tracheal cells attached to the tubules and later, by the death of Malpighian tubule cells themselves. Tubule cell death might be due to oncosis and apoptosis, which may be activated by depletion of energy reserves and by accumulation of marker proteins, respectively. Absence of the egt gene may be leading to a higher energetic expense due to molting, thus aggravating tubule cell death, resulting in faster death of host.     

Characterization and Cross-transmission of Baculoviruses Infectious to the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella, and some other Lepidopteran Pests of Brassica Crops

Isolates of a granulovirus (GV) from the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella, and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) isolates from Galleria mellonella and Autographa californica were characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA. The capacity for these viruses to infect P. xylostella larvae and some other lepidopteran pests of brassica crops (including Heliothis virescens, Crocidolomia binotalis and Mamestra brassicae) was examined in cross-transmission experiments in which the DNA isolated from purified progeny viruses, was compared by restriction endonuclease analysis with DNA from the inoculum viruses. Two P. xylostella GV isolates from Taiwan and China (Px GV-Taiwan and Px GV-China) appeared to be very closely-related on the basis of comparative restriction endonuclease analysis of viral genomic DNA. However, both virus isolates could be distinguished by 1-3 major band differences and by sub-molar band variation when their DNA was analysed following digestion with Eco RI, Bam HI and Hin dIII. Both P. xylostella GV isolates proved to be infectious for P. xylostella larvae but did not appear to infect M. brassicae, C. binotalis or H. virescens larvae. In contrast, a G. mellonella NPV (Gm NPV) isolate was infectious for P. xylostella larvae as well as for larvae of M. brassicae, C. binotalis and H. virescens. The results also confirmed that P. xylostella larvae are susceptible to infection by A. californica NPV. These studies form the basis for further evaluation of Px GV and Gm NPV as potential biological control agents for the Diamondback Moth.     

Comparative susceptibilities of insect cell lines to infection by the occlusion-body derived phenotype of baculoviruses

Twelve insect cell lines from six species were tested for susceptibility to baculovirus infection by occlusion-derived virus (ODV) phenotype through the use of a typical endpoint assay procedure. ODV from three nucleopolyhedroviruses were prepared by alkali treatment (sodium carbonate) of occlusion bodies (OBs) and the virus preparations were titered on various cell lines. More than a four-log difference was realized for each of theses viruses between the various cell lines. The TN368 line from Trichoplusia ni was only marginally susceptible to ODV from each virus, showing only 3-6 infectious units (IU) per million OBs while the gypsy moth line, LdEp was most susceptible, realizing more than 100,000 IU/million OBs. The other lines tested showed various levels of susceptibility between these two extremes and also varied between the three viruses tested. In additional tests, the ODV were treated with trypsin prior to application to the cells. With most cell lines, this treatment increased the infectivity of each virus by 2-10-fold. Exceptions to this trend included the gypsy moth LdEp line, on which the trypsinized ODV from two of the viruses were slightly less infectious than each virus without trypsin, and the TN-368 line, on which the trypsinized ODV was 5,000-75,000 times more infectious. The variable results of trypsinized virus on the different lines are probably due to the levels of endogenous protease activity in the various lines, but the mode of action of the trypsin has not been elucidated. Ultimately, the variable response of cell lines to ODV of different viruses, and the variable effects of trypsin on the ODV may lead to an improved understanding of the infection process of this virus phenotype as well as factors relating to baculovirus host range.