Strong plastid degradation is consistent within section Chondrophyllae,the most speciose lineage of Gentiana

Recovering phylogenetic relationships in lineages experiencing intense diversification has always been a persistent challenge in evolutionary studies, including in Gentiana section Chondrophyllae sensu lato (s.l.). Indeed, this subcosmopolitan taxon encompasses more than 180 mostly annual species distributed around the world. We sequenced and assembled 22 new plastomes representing 21 species in section Chondrophyllae s.l. In addition to previously released plastome data, our study includes all main lineages within the section. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships based on protein‐coding genes and recombinant DNA (rDNA) cistron sequences, and then investigated plastome structural evolution as well as divergence time. Despite an admittedly humble species cover overall, we recovered a well‐supported phylogenetic tree based on plastome data, and found significant discordance between phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic treatments. Our results show that G. capitata and G. leucomelaena diverged early within the section, which is then further divided into two clades. The divergence time estimation showed that section Chondrophyllae s.l. evolved in the second half of the Oligocene. We found that section Chondrophyllae s.l. had the smallest average plastome size (128 KB) in tribe Gentianeae (Gentianaceae), with frequent gene and sequence losses such as the ndh complex and its flanking regions. In addition, we detected both expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat (IR) regions. Our study suggests that plastome degradation parallels the diversification of this group, and illustrates the strong discordance between phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic treatments, which now need to be carefully revised.     

微生物生物技术处理气态污染物的研究进展

近年来大气污染问题愈发突出,工业生产过程是大气污染的一重要源头。微生物法治理制造工业生产中产生的挥发性有机物、恶臭气体、硫化物、氮氧化物等气态污染物以效率高、投资少、绿色且环境友好等优势逐渐在国内兴起,广受关注。本文综述了微生物法的基本理论、技术分类及特点、应用范围,以及国内外较新的研究方向与进展。微生物法净化低浓度污染物效率往往很高,而处理难溶、高浓度、生物毒性、难降解的污染物时易受到局限。专家学者们对此进行了大量研究与实验,创新出的高效技术进行总结。本文认为减少传质阻力方法的应用、与其他处理技术联用、清晰微生物降解机理与途径等是提高微生物法效率的重要方向。但提及的大部分强化手段仍处于实验研究阶段,使其工业化仍需要进一步探索。     

污水土地生态处理脱氮技术的中型试验研究

地沟式污水土地生态处理工艺,是自然生态净化与人工工艺相结合的小规模污水处理回用技术。它是采用土壤毛细管浸润扩散原理的浅型土壤处理技术,在人工可控条件下,将污水科学、合理地投配到设计定型的装置内,利用污水的能量,把其所携带的污染物,通过人工基质(土壤、砂、碎石等,填料-水-微生物-植物系统)的物质循环和能量流动,逐级降解;在不同的污染负荷、水力负荷下,完成一系列物理、化学、物理化学和微生物化学、生物化学的反应。通过以贵州典型的黄壤土为主配比的人工土作为处理系统填料的现场中型试验,探讨地沟式污水土地处理系统的脱氮效果及其影响因素。地沟式污水土地生态系统对氨氮和总氮去除效果良好,去除率分别达到84 .7%和70 .7% ,出水氨氮(14 .0 mg/L )和总氮(2 4 .7mg/L ) ,达到建设部颁发的生活杂用水水质标准。对处理系统微生物数量及分布的研究表明:处理系统中氮转化细菌丰富,氨化细菌为10 3～10 6 cfu MPN/g(土壤) (cfu:形成菌落数:MPN:最大可能数量) ,亚硝化菌为10 3～10 6 MPN/g(土壤) ,硝化菌10 4～10 6 MPN/g(土壤) ,反硝化细菌为10 3～10 6 MPN/g(土壤)。由硝化/反硝化实现生物脱氮是土地生态处理系统去除总氮的主要途径;建立土壤、土壤微生物、土壤植被环境以促进硝化作用是提高总     

厌氧氨氧化在污水处理中的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)是指厌氧氨氧化细菌在厌氧条件下以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将氨氮氧化为氮气的过程。由于在节能降耗和环境友好上的独特优点,基于厌氧氨氧化原理的脱氮技术被公认是目前最具应用前景的生物脱氮技术,因此自发现以来一直是国内外研究的热点。综述近年有关厌氧氨氧化细菌、厌氧氨氧化机理、反应的影响因素及其在污水处理应用方面的研究进展,并展望厌氧氨氧化在污水处理领域的发展方向。     

不同光照梯度的遮荫处理对绒毛番龙眼幼苗生长的影响

在不同光照梯度,即100%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、37.3%NS、15.5%NS、4.2%NS、1.6%NS和0.6%NS的人工遮荫条件下,研究了西双版纳季节雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)幼苗的早期生长和定居后的生长特点。结果表明,光照是影响幼苗生长的重要环境因子。生长早期的幼苗基径和复叶数随遮荫程度的增加而降低;主根长、根冠比、总干重和单株叶面积均以37.3%NS处理最大;比叶面积随遮荫程度的增加而增大,而相对生长率则降低;幼苗株高在0.6%NS下增长最快,表明种子中贮藏的营养物质对幼苗的早期生长可能具有重要作用。37.3%NS处理对定居后绒毛番龙眼幼苗的生长最有利,幼苗的株高、基径、复叶数、叶轴长、复叶最多小叶数、单株叶面积、相对生长率和净同化率均在37.3%NS处理下获得最大增长;幼苗总干重随光照强度的减弱而降低;比叶面积在15.5%NS处理时最大。幼苗比叶面积和根冠比在生长过程中的波动可能是光照和土壤水分共同作用的结果。     

固定化微生物细胞技术在废水处理中的应用*

固定化微生物细胞技术是一门新兴的生物技术,中较为全面地介绍了其定义、分类及载体选择。该技术用于处理高浓度有机废水,含氨氮、难降解、重金属废水非常有效,在废水处理领域有着广阔的应用前景。     

数种农药对蚕豆根腐病的田间防效

在实验室内探讨了三唑酮,甲基硫菌灵,福美双,恶霜灵和甲霜灵等5种杀菌剂单用或混用对蚕豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,据此,在田间开展了杀菌剂拦种和杀菌剂与杀虫剂混用防治蚕豆根腐病的研究,第1年的结果表明,在11个处理中,三唑酮单独拌和效果最为显著,与对照相比,在0.01ga.i.kg^_1种子的剂量下,使6周龄植株的根腐病指数降低51.5%,成株累计死亡率减少36%,单株种子产量提高21%,每公顷种子产量增加97.6%,其他处理未取得显著防效,第2年开展的三唑酮拌种是防治蚕豆根腐病的有效措施之一。但杀菌拌种应与其他防治措施综合应用,方可取得更好的防治效果。     

大蒜愈伤组织诱导条件初报

以白皮大蒜和大头蒜为材料,报道了大蒜品系、外植体的低温前处理、外植体大小及取材种类不同对愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明：（１）无论是４℃低温保藏或室温保存前处理,大头蒜的消毒效果均优于白皮大蒜,４℃低温前处理可降低外植体出愈污染;（２）只有带表皮的外植体才可诱导愈伤组织,外植体较大（０．５ｃｍ×０．３ｃｍ×０．２ｃｍ）,继代期愈伤组织产生量较多;外植体偏小（０．２ｃｍ×０．１ｃｍ×０．１ｃｍ）,极少产生愈伤组织;（３）４℃冷藏１８ｄ对大头蒜愈伤组织诱导有一定影响,但对白皮大蒜影响不大。冷藏可推迟出愈１～２ｄ。     

无柄石笔木的分类学处理及染色体资料

通过野外调查和标本室工作,将无柄石笔木处理为粗毛核果茶的异名,修订了过去将该种归入小果核果茶的分类学处理,报道了该分类群的染色体资料,其间期核属简单染色中央微粒型,中期染色体核型结构为2n=2x=30=24m+6sm。     

Odours and volatile organic compounds emitted from municipal solid waste at different stage of decomposition and relationship with biological stability

Odours (OU_E) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emission during biological process used to treat MSW were studied under standardized conditions in order to detect potential risk for workers and population. Results obtained indicated that odours and VOCs emitted depend on the biological stability of waste measured by the dynamic respiration index (DRI) and a very good correlation were found between these parameters (OU_E vs. DRI, r = 0.96, p < 0.001, n = 6; VOC vs. DRI, r = 0.97, p < 0.001, n = 6).GC-MS study of the VOCs indicated the presence of a group of molecules that were degraded during the process. On the other hand, a second group of molecules, i.e. aromatic and halogenated compounds, and furan persisted in the waste sample, although molecule concentrations were always lower than Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA).