Effects of acid wastes from titanium dioxide production on biomass and species richness of benthic algae

Titanium dioxide wastes are suspected to be toxic to rocky shore communities in an estuary in southeast Norway. An experimental project lasting two years examined whether titanium dioxide wastes affected recolonization by rocky shore organisms. The experiments were performed in situ in six tanks (each with 9 m³ brackish water) at two different levels of salinity. Three different concentrations of industrial waste water were used. The growth season in 1986 was dry and sunny compared to 1987, causing reduction of growth on exposed granite chips compared to controls. At the two highest waste concentrations in the tanks, Fucus serratus was observed with necrotic tissue both years, and in 1986 benthic diatoms were scarce.     

Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes

The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.     

Mineral element content in Ulva lactuca L. with reference to eutrophication in Hong Kong coastal waters

The amounts of tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and iron were estimated in the green alga Ulva lactuca L. collected from 9 rural and 14 urban littoral sites in the waters around Hong Kong Island during 1978 and 1979. The mean levels of tissue nitrogen and phosphorus were respectively 65% and 87% more in urban sites than in rural ones. Very significant correlation (r = 0.920) was found between the logarithmic concentration of seawater inorganic nitrogen and that of tissue nitrogen. The same applied to soluble reactive phosphorus in seawater and tissue phosphorus (r = 0.886). The levels of potassium, sodium and calcium in the alga were relatively uniform. However considerable variation in the level of iron was detected. The potential use of Ulva as an indicator species for eutrophication is discussed.     

The rotifer fauna of the River Loire (France), at the level of the nuclear power plants

In the heated affluents of nuclear power plants of the river Loire, rotifers are abundant. Cosmopolitan species are numerically dominant, but a tropical fauna is also present, among which the genus Brachionus, representing 20% of the total species, is best represented. From a comparison between water upstream and downstream of the power plants, it further appears that in downstream warmed-up waters, some species show an important development, but not in colder upstream waters.     

Bacterial periphyton of the Vltava River

Bacterial periphyton formed during 48 hours was studied by glass slide method and direct counting in Vltava River in Praha, Czechoslovakia. At water temperatures 8–11°C the numbers of rods ranged between 24,000 and 336,000 per 1 cm² and those of cocci between 30,000 and 228,000. The relation rods: cocci ranged between 0,9 and 2,4 with an average value of 1,7, whereas in a fishpond this average was 0,5. Among the periphyton 81,3% bacterial cells were active. The rods: cocci relation seems to be a good indicator of water pollution by organic matter, but numbers distinguishing the individual saprobic levels cannot be given yet.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde der bakterielle Bewuchs von Glassplatten im Vltava-Fluss in Praha untersucht. Zweitägige Exposition erwies sich als am meisten geeignet, um den Bewuchs mikroskopisch durch direkte Zählung quantitativ zu erfassen. In Abhängigkeit von der Tiefe, Wassertemperatur, Verunreinigungsgrad, Sonnenstrahlung u.a. entwickelte sich der Bewuchs quantitativ unterschiedlich und zeigte auch eine unterschiedliche Relation von Stäbchen zu Kokken. Im beta-mesosaproben Bereich wurden im Herbst (Wassertemperaturen 8–11 °C) 24.000 bis 336.000 Stäbchen und 30.000 bis 228.000 Kokken per 1 cm² gefunden, mit den Mittelwerten 163.100 Stäbchen und 104.100 Kokken. Die Vergleichswerte von einem Fischteich in Motol lagen für Stäbchen im gleichen Bereich, während die Kokken, bis 254.000 erreichten.Die Relation Stäbchen: Kokken variierte im Vltava-Fluss zwischen 0,9 (nur einmal) und 2,4 mit dem Mittelwert 1,7, im Fischteich zwischen 0,4 ufnd 0,7 mit dem Mittelwert 0,5. Es hat sich erwiesen, dass diese Relation brauchbare Angaben über die organische Verunreinigung gibt. Leider liegen bisher zu wenige Ergebnisse vor, um eine Skale gegenüber den Saprobitätsstufen zu errichten.Unter den Bewuchsbakterien gab es in der Vltava durchschnittlich 81,3% aktive Zellen, wie durch Fluoreszenzanalyse festgestellt wurde.Fast alle Daten indizieren eine schwächere Verunreinigung des Wassers am linken Ufer als am rechten.

     

东部发达区生态安全格局构建——以苏南地区为例

随着城市化进程的加快,东部发达区面临水土流失、生态廊道阻断、栖息地破碎化等生态问题。识别重要生态用地,构建生态安全格局,对区域生态保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。选取苏南地区为研究区,分别基于生物多样性保护价值、水资源安全和土壤保持3项指标进行生态用地识别,结合GIS技术进行生态用地评价,以高等级生态用地作为源地;利用最小累积阻力模型,识别缓冲区和生态廊道,构建区域生态安全格局。取得以下研究结果:(1)生态安全格局由源地、廊道和缓冲区共同构成。研究区内高等级(非常重要)生态用地面积比例为22.97%;将面积大于10 km~2的高等级生态用地提取为源地,生态源地的面积比例为19.17%。(2)基于最小累积阻力模型,确定了生态缓冲区和生态廊道,其中生态缓冲区占研究区总面积的30.52%,潜在生态廊道的主要景观构成为耕地、林地和水域,分别占廊道总面积的31.82%、19.06%和17.27%。(3)通过叠加城市建设用地与生态源地、生态缓冲区图层,识别城市建设用地与生态用地的冲突区域,总面积为603.84 km~2,占源地与缓冲区面积总和的4.38%,空间上主要集中在长江沿线和太湖周边。     

原生质体紫外诱变选育可利用廉价碳源的高产油新菌株

【目的】研究并建立利用原生质体紫外诱变技术选育可利用廉价碳源发酵的高产油新菌株的方法。【方法】采用1.5%蜗牛酶和1.0%纤维素酶混合液水解去除细胞壁得到2A00015(近平滑假丝酵母,Candida parapsilosis)的原生质体,将其放于紫外灯下诱变及再生壁培养,筛选获得可利用廉价碳源发酵的高产油酵母,并采用气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定其脂肪酸组成。【结果】突变效果最好的突变菌株2A00015/25用葡萄糖发酵培养7 d后,其生物量、油脂产率和产油量分别为17.77 g/L、58.12%和10.32 g/L,较原始菌株分别提高了12.45%、23.32%和38.68%;利用废糖蜜发酵培养,其生物量、油脂产率和产油量分别为18.54 g/L、49.44%和9.17 g/L,较原始菌株分别提高了9.09%、21.16%和32.18%。利用废糖蜜培养其产油效率虽低于利用葡萄糖培养,但从环境保护及原材料成本的角度考虑,用废糖蜜作为碳源发酵培养产生油脂更具优势。诱变菌株利用废糖蜜发酵后产生油脂经检测含有8种脂肪酸,其脂肪酸组成与植物油近似,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的82.4%。【结论】通过利用原生质体紫外诱变技术,成功选育出一株新的可利用廉价碳源的高产油海洋菌株,产油率达到49.4%,提高了21.2%。     

基于生态系统服务价值重构的干旱内陆河流域生态安全格局优化——以张掖市甘州区为例

干旱区内陆河流域的生态环境极为脆弱,生态系统的微小变化也可能给流域生态安全带来巨大影响。甘州区位于干旱内陆河流域,生态问题突出,重视生态系统自身安全、构建合理的生态安全格局是保障该地区生态安全的有效措施。通过当量因子法估算2000、2005、2010年甘州区生态系统服务的静态价值,在充分考虑各项生态系统服务功能变化率及空间集聚程度对功能发挥影响的基础上,采用生态系统服务优先指数和空间丰富度指数,对甘州区2010年生态系统服务静态价值的估算结果进行动态重构。利用重构后的生态系统服务价值构建了甘州区3种不同安全水平情景下的生态安全格局。结果表明:1)甘州区生态系统服务价值总量逐步上升,各项服务多年变化率差异不大。2)重构后生态系统服务价值量为1438.21—390993元/hm~2,大部分地区为中低值。3)低、中、高安全水平生态安全格局中,生态源地面积分别为155.75 km~2,191.25 km~2和224.5 km~2。基于生态系统服务价值构建的生态安全格局是立足于生态系统服务现状提出的规划策略,可为区域生态保护规划和生态文明建设提供重要依据。     

放射污染区古菌分离及多样性分析

【目的】研究放射污染区古菌多样性。【方法】放射污染区采集土样,采用甘油-精氨酸培养基(GJ)、甘油-天冬氨酸培养基(C1)、海藻糖-肌酸培养基(B7)、甘露醇-丙氨酸培养基(Z5)、干酪素-甘露醇培养基(CMKA)、壳聚糖-天冬酰胺培养基(F6)、甘露醇-酸水解酪蛋白培养基(GW1)、CM培养基、HP培养基和KC培养基10种分离培养基,采用梯度稀释法对古菌进行分离,将分离获得的菌株经形态特征,16S rRNA基因片段扩增及限制性内切酶酶切,选取酶切图谱中存在差异性的条带进行测序,最终通过序列比对,聚类分析,获得不同种类的古菌资源。【结果】从该土样中共获得了256株古菌,最终筛选出71株不同类型的古菌,这71株古菌均属于广古菌门,盐杆菌纲,盐杆菌目,盐杆菌科,分布于盐陆生菌属(Haloterrigena)、纳白菌属(Natrialba)、盐球菌属(Halococcus)、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、盐长寿菌属(Halovivax)、纳线菌属(Natrinema)、盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)、盐二型菌属(Halobiforma)、盐惰菌属(Halopiger)、盐池栖菌属(Halostagnicola)、富盐菌属(Haloferax)11个属,26个种,其中31株菌的16S rRNA基因序列与已有效发表菌株的序列相似性小于98%,Haloterrigena为该土样的优势菌属。对于分离效果较好的F6培养基采用了梯度营养成分的稀释,最终获得了19株古菌,这些菌株相互之间存在一定的差异性。【结论】本次分离获得了大量的古菌,表明放射污染区存在着较为丰富的古菌资源,其中蕴藏着多种新的物种类型,具有较大的研究价值。